1. Sound and Structure (Pattern)
Poetry, Part II
Sound and Structure (Pattern)

2. Chapter 14, Perrine’s
Structure – the arrangement of ideas, images, thoughts, and sentences
Form – refers to the “shape” of the poem… internal order of materials and external shape.
Poems have three broad forms: A) Continuous B) Stanzaic C) Fixed

3. More on Forms…
Continuous – lines follow one another without formal grouping; breaks are dictated by units of meaning.
Stanzaic – written in a series of stanzas; repeated units have the same number of lines and often identical rhyme scheme. (More formal pattern)
Fixed – traditional pattern (i.e. sonnet)

4. Sonnets
Sonnet - classified as a fixed form; 14 lines in length (usually iambic pentameter). A) Most sonnets follow two models: Italian or English
Italian (Petrarchan)- divided between eight lines called the octave. Rhyme = abbaabba or six lines/ setset = cdcdcd and cdecde
Division between octave and setset corresponds to a division in thought.

5. Sonnets
English (Shakespearean) – consists of 3 quatrains [4 line stanza] and a concluding couplet.
Division is marked by the development of thought.

6. Villanelle
Villanelle – Fixed Form; 19 lines consisting of five tercets rhymed aba [3 line stanza] and a concluding quatrain rhymed abaa.

7. Rhyme…
Rhyme – repetition of accented vowel sound and any succeeding consonant sounds A) Masculine – rhyme sounds involves only one syllable (decks and sex or support and retort) B) Feminine – rhyme sounds involve two or more syllables (turtle and fertile or spitefully and delightfully)

8. Rhyme…
Approximate – (slant rhymes) words with any kind of sound similarity (lightly and frightfully or yellow and willow)
Internal – one or more rhyming words within the line
End – rhyming words at the ends of lines
Refrain – repetition of whole words, phrases, lines, or groups of lines (mostly songs)

9. Rhythm and Meter
Rhythm – any wavelike recurrence of motion or sound; the natural rise and fall of language.
Accented (stressed) one or more syllables receiving prominence in pronunciation.
Rhetorical Stresses – stressing of words so as to emphasize meaning. (ex. I don’t believe YOU)
Caesuras – pauses within lines (grammatical or rhetorical) – a way to vary rhythm in lines.

10. Rhythm and Meter
Meter – identifying characteristic of rhythmic language.