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Chapter 27: Nationalism and Revolutions Around the World
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Section 1: Struggle in Latin America
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1900s in Latin America Latin America’s economy was based on exports Latin America sent their natural resources and cash crops to industrial countries Latin America was buying products made from the industrial countries
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Governments Around Latin America Uruguay and Argentina had democratic constitutions Military and small group of wealthy held the power Middle class peasants had little say in their government
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The Mexican Revolution 1910- dictator Porfiro Diaz ruled Mexico for 35 years Diaz welcomed foreign investors to develop mines, railroads, and drilled for oil Country’s prosperity benefitted only a small group Most Mexican were Mestizo or Indian peasants Peasants worked on haciendas- large plantations Middle class wanted democracy and elite wanted power
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The Mexican Revolution Francisco Madero- liberal reformer- demanded free elections Diaz resigned in 1911 Started a struggle over government form and leaders
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Revolutions Lead to Change 1917- voters elected Venustiano Carranza president of Mexico Approved a new constitution that included land and labor reform Constitution is still used today
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Constitution of 1917 Addressed three major issues: land, religion, and labor Constitution strengthened government control over the economy The government placed restrictions on foreigners owning land Allowed nationalization- government takeover of natural resources
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Constitution of 1917 Church land was made “property of the nation” Constitution set a minimum wage and protected workers right to strike Constitution gave suffrage to men Women could have the same jobs as men and same pay
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The PRI Controls Mexico Carranza was overthrown in 1920 1929- government established Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) PRI accommodated many groups in Mexican society Suppressed opposition and dissent Brought stability to Mexico Dominated Mexican politics from 1930s to 2000
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Reforms 1920s- government helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from them 1930s- under President Lazaro Cardenas- millions of acres of land were redistributed to peasants under a communal land program Government supported labor unions and launched an effort to combat illiteracy
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Reforms Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people Government also controlled the economy- specifically the petroleum companies
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Nationalism at Work in Latin America Spirit of nationalism- wanted to end economic dependence on the Industrial powers
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Economic Nationalism WWI and the Great Depression impacted global economies Prices for Latin American exports plunged and demand dried up; cost of consumer goods rose Latin American economies depended on export trade Economic nationalism- emphasis on home control of the economy Local entrepreneurs set up factories to produce goods Governments raised tariffs to protect new industries Governments invested directly into new business
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Political Nationalism Great Depression triggered political changes Liberalism was found not to work in Latin America People wanted a government that could control, direct, and protect each country’s economy
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Cultural Nationalism Pride in one’s own culture was reflected in the revival of mural painting, a major art form of the Aztecs and Mayas
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Good Neighbor Policy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBRmlVEvQO4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBRmlVEvQO4 US were considered the international policemen Driving Mexican Revolution- US stepped in to support the leaders that favored American interest 1930s- President Franklin Roosevelt- Good Neighbor Policy- US pledges to lessen the interference in the affairs of Latin America
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Section 2: Nationalism in Africa and the Middle East
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Africans Resist Colonial Rule Early 1900s- almost every part of Africa was a European colony Europeans forced Africans to work on farms and mines The money that was earned in this work was given to taxes and to the European governments Kenya and Rhodesia- white settlers forced Africans off the best land
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Africans Resist Colonial Rule Only Europeans could grow crops Kenya- the British made all Africans carry an identification card, imposed a tax on only Africans, and restricted where they could live or travel In other areas of Africa, the Africans were forced to grow only cash crops which caused famine During WWI- more than 1 million Africans had fought on behalf of European powers
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Opposing Imperialism Many western-educated Africans criticized imperial rule President Woodrow Wilson asked for self-determination Socialism began to grow Protests and opposition multiplied
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Racial Segregation 1910-1940- whites strengthened their grip in South Africa Imposed racial segregation Goal: to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy South Africans were evicted from the best land Europeans abolished the Africans right to vote
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Apartheid Apartheid- policy of rigid segregation became law Nelson Mandela! South Africa
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Nationalism and an “Africa for Africans” Pan-Africanism- emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent world wide Marcus Garvey- wanted an “Africa for Africans” W.E.B DuBois- organized first Pan-African congress in 1919 Met at the Paris Peace Conference Western powers ignored their demands Pan-African Congress established cooperation among Africans and African leaders
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Negritude Movement Negritude Movement- writers expressed pride in their African roots and protested colonial rule
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Middle Eastern Problems Britain still controlled Egypt’s monarchy Nationalist movements brought immense changes to the Middle East after WWI Arab lands were divided between Britain and France
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Ataturk Turkish people resisted western rule 1920- Ottoman sultan reluctantly signed the Treaty of Sevres- empire lost its Arab and North African lands Mustafa Kemal- overthrew sultan and declared Turkey a republic Kemal took the name Ataturk which means “father of the Turks” Goal: modernize Turkey
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Westernization Transforms Turkey Ataturk government encouraged industrial expansion Government built railroads, set up factories Ruled with an iron hand Transformed Turkey into a strong and modern power
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Nationalism and Reform in Persia Ataturk’s reforms inspired nationalists in Persia Persians did not like European rule Reza Khan was the leader in Persia in 1925 Rushed to modernize Persia Built factories, roads, railroads, and strengthened the army Forced Persians to wear western clothing Changed the Islamic rule in the government to a secular law
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Oil and Pan Arabism Oil became a major factor after WWI and the Middle East is where the oil was Pan-Arabism- grew after WWI Arabian peninsula included Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco Sought to free the Arab people from western rulers
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Betrayed at the Paris Peace Conference Arabs helped the Allies fight against the Central Powers Allies carved up the Ottoman Empire Gave France mandates in Syria and Lebanon Britain had mandates in Palestine and Iraq Britain gave a large part of Palestine mandate to TransJordan
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Promises in Palestine 1897- Theodor Herzl Jewish people had the Zionist movement Jewish community lived in Palestine during Biblical times Balfour Declaration British attempt to advocate for setting up a “national home for the Jewish people” in Palestine
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Struggle for Jewish People 1919-1940- Tens of thousands of Jews immigrated to Palestine due to the Zionist movement and anti-Semitism Arab people were already in Palestine Arabs at first welcomed the new wave of money and technology Arabs then began to place harsh restrictions on Jews
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Section 3: India Seeks Self-Rule
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Section 3: India Seeks Self Rule Amritsar Massacre: Causes: British General Dyer had outlawed public meetings Peaceful crown gathers and British open fire and kill over 350 and wound over a thousand Britain promised Indians greater self government after the war, but they never fulfilled that promise Effects: Indian feelings in the INC changed from pushing for self rule to full independence from Britain
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Mohandas Gandhi Joined a law firm in S. Africa – faced racial predjustice Fought laws with non-violent resistance – Satyagraha “Soul Force” (his nonviolent passive resistance) Ahisma – ancient doctrine of non-violence and respect for life Rejected Caste system inequalities and embraced western thought such as democracy and nationalism as well as Christian thought Refused to obey unjust laws – civil disobedience Organized boycotts of British goods – especially textiles and encouraged people to wear home spun cotton clothing (called a dhoti) Symbol is the spinning wheel
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The Salt March Causes : British Salt Monopoly – could only buy British Salt Indians were forbidden to touch the salt on the coast Events March 12 – March to the sea gathered followers as they marched April 6 – Gandhi touched the salt on the coast and was jailed
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The Salt March Effects : Followers sold salt on the streets Countries began writing stories about the brutality administered to the Indians by the British How do you think Indians were viewed in newspapers around the world? Non-violence persevered and Britain began to hand over power to the Indians
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Muslim vs. Hindu Tensions between the two groups Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah Supported a separate Muslim state Tensions lead to Britain partitioning the subcontinent Pakistan for the Muslims and India for the Hindus Britain worked to keep the population divided, why? Sikh and Hindu mobs slaughtered Muslims going into Pakistan, Muslims massacred Hindus Gandhi used satyagraha to try and restore peace – Famous hunger strike He was killed by a Hindu extremists in 1948
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