2. Direct Current Circuits Electrolytes are solutions that can transfer charge from electrodes (dissimilar materials). A potential difference (V) will exist between the electrodes that can be connected to a wire, or light bulb, etc. Several cells connected are called a battery, although a single cell is also called a battery

3. When a continuous conducting path is created between the terminals, an electric circuit is produced. Electric current (I) is the net charge passing per unit of time:

4. I = Q ∆t units: ampere A = C/s In order to produce a circuit, a loop of wire needs to be connected across the potential difference of the cell. The wire (and anything connected to it) will put up a resistance to the flow of electrons. The current (I) will depend directly on the potential difference (V) and inversely upon the resistance in the circuit (R) This is Ohm’s Law!

5. I = VRVR Resistance is measured in units called ohms (Ω) Resistance is both internal (r) and external. Internal resistance would be the resistance of the wires and cells. It is less than the external resistance(s). Total resistance would be the sum of the internal and external resistances: R T = r + R ext R ext would be the sum of all external resistances resolved

6. Combination of Cells Cells can be connected in series or parallel: Series: direct connection between anode (+) and cathode (-): Parallel: direct connection from + to + and - to - The total electromotive force (emf) of the system depends upon the configuration: emf = total potential difference (V T )

7. When connected in series, the emf of the battery equals the sum of the emf of each cell: Three 1.5 V cells connected in series: V T = V 1 + V 2 + V 3 = 4.5 V Two 1.5 V cells connected in parallel: When connected in parallel, the emf of each cell is also the total emf: V T = V 1 = V 2 = 1.5 V

8. Series and Parallel Circuits Resistances can be connected in series and in parallel as well: Series: Current does NOT split among R’s: R eq = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 Parallel: Current will split among resistors- more resistance, less current: I 1 = I 2 = I 3

9. The current splits up among resistors in parallel according to the resistance. The potential difference is constant among the resistors ( V = IR) The equivalent resistance by substitution: 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 R eq R 1 R 2 R 3 When simplifying a circuit, always simplify the parallel parts of the circuit first

10. A 1.5 V dry cell runs an external load of 2.8 . An ammeter in the external part of the circuit reads.50 A. What is the internal resistance of the cell? V T = 1.5 V R ext = 2.8  I =.50 A r = ? r = R T - R ext R T = V/I = 1.5 V/.50 A = 3.0  r = 3.0  - 2.8  =.2 

11. r =.50  R 1 =3.5  R 3 = 6.0  each cell: 2.0 V R 2 = 3.0  Find A 1, A 2, A 3, V 2, V 3

12. R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 R4R4 R5R5 R6R6 R7R7 R8R8 R9R9 R 10 R 11 each cell: 2.0 V each R = 1.0  Find total current:

13. R1R1 R2R2 R3R3 R4R4 R6R6 R5R5 emf (V) I (A) R()R() cell2.0 R1R1 5.0 R2R2 3.5 R3R3 1.5 R4R4 4.0 R5R5 1.0 R6R6 2.0