1. CHAPTER 19

2. How does the energy generated by wind farms get to people’s houses to power their appliances?

3. Current is the rate of change of electric charge A current exits whenever there is a net movement of electric charge through a medium The unit for current is the ampere 1 ampere= 1 Coulomb second

4. In a particular television tube, the beam current is 60 µA. How long does it take for 3.75 x 10 14 electrons to strike the screen? First calculate the electric charge of 3.75 x 10 14 electrons. 1 electron has a charge of 1.60 x 10 -19 C (3.75 x 10 14 ) (1.60 x 10 -19 C)= 6 x 10 -5 C

5. Batteries and generators work by converting other forms of energy into electrical potential energy Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical potential energy Generators convert mechanical energy (KE and PE) into electrical potential energy

6. Potential Difference, ΔV, is the driving force behind current Increasing potential difference results in a greater current i.e. using a 9.0 V battery generates a greater current than a 6.0 V battery V is measured in volts 1 volt= 1 Joule/Coulomb

7. Some conductors allow charges to move through them more easily than others The opposition to the motion of charge through a conductor is the conductor’s resistance The unit for resistance is the ohm (Ω) Ohm’s Law:

8. Resistance is inversely proportional to current As the resistance increases, the current decreases For most materials, resistance is independent of V. Therefore, changing V affects the current, not the resistance

10. The current in a certain resistor is 0.50 A when it is connected to a potential difference of 110 v. What is the current in this same resistor if a. The operating potential difference is 90.0 V? b. The operating potential difference is 130 V?

11. I= 0.50 A, V = 110 V We’re looking for the new current if the potential difference is changed According to Ohm’s Law: We’re missing R. Let’s find it

12. Let’s find the new current for each potential difference A. B.

13. Superconductors have zero resistance below a certain temperature called the critical temperature. Once a current is established in a superconductor it will continue even if the potential difference is removed

14. Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is converted to other types of energy Power is measured in Watts

15. Chapter 20

16. A diagram that depicts the construction of an electrical apparatus is a schematic diagram

17. An electric circuit is a path through which charges can be conducted

18. The wire: Current flows through the wire The resistor: Can be a light bulb The emf source: Provides the potential difference…it’s usually a battery

19. When resistors are connected in series, all the charges have to follow a single path When one light bulb goes out, they all go out 

20. When resistors are connected in series, the current in each resistor is the same!!! The total current in the circuit depends on how many resistors are present The equivalent resistance is the sum of the circuit’s resistances THE EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE SHOULD ALWAYS BE GREATER THAN THE LARGEST RESISTANCE IN THE CIRCUIT

21. To find the total current in the circuit, first find the equivalent resistance and then use Ohm’s Law Although the current in each resistor has to be the same, the potential difference doesn’t have to be the same.

22. A 4.0 Ω resistor, an 8.0 Ω resistor and a 12.0 Ω resistor are connected in series with a 24.0 V battery A. Calculate the equivalent resistance B. Calculate the current in the circuit What is the current in each resistor? For resistors in series, the current in each resistor is the same…so the answer is 1.0 A

23. A parallel circuit is a wiring arrangement that provides alternative pathways for the movement of charges

24. The total current in a parallel circuit is equal to the sum of the current in each resistor The equivalent resistance in a parallel circuit is calculated using the following equation The potential difference across each resistor is the same

25. An 18.0 Ω, 9.00 Ω, and 6.00 Ω resistor are connected in parallel to an emf source. A current of 4.0 A is in the 9.00 Ω resistor. a. Calculate the equivalent resistance of the circuit. B. What is the potential difference across the source? C. Calculate the current in the other resistors

26. Most circuits have both series and parallel components

27. To determine the equivalent resistance for a complex circuit, you have to simplify the circuit into groups of series and parallel resistors Sample Problem 20C (p. 747) Since the 6.0 Ω and 2.0 Ω resistor are connected in series, their equivalent resistance is 8.0 Ω

28. The new 8.0 Ω resistor and 4.0 Ω resistor are connected in parallel. Their equivalent resistance can be found using the following equation: R eq = 2.7 Ω

29. Finally, the last three resistors are connected in series so their equivalent resistance= 9.0 Ω + 2.7 Ω + 1.0 Ω= 12.7 Ω The circuit can now be redrawn with the equivalent resistance connected to the original emf source

30. To find the current and/or potential difference across a particular resistor in a complex circuit you must first find the equivalent resistance for the circuit Then you must rebuild the circuit in steps and calculate the current and potential difference for each group

31. Sample problem 20D is a continuation of sample problem 20C. We already determined the equivalent resistance for the circuit…12.7 Ω Next we need to rebuild the circuit and find the potential difference and current for each group.

33. Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. These three resistors are connected in series. That means the current across all three resistors is the same (I=0.71 A). We only care about the middle resistor because it’s the only one that leads to the 2.0 Ω resistor

34. Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. The 2.7 Ω resistor is composed of the 8.0 Ω and 4.0 Ω resistors in parallel This means they have the same potential difference. (V=1.9 V) We only care about the 8.0 Ω resistor because it’s the only one that leads to the 2.0 Ω resistor

35. Work backward to find the current and potential difference for the next group. The 8.0 Ω resistor is composed of the 6.0 Ω and 2.0 Ω resistors connected in series. This means they share the same current (I=0.24 A) Solve for the potential difference and you’re done

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