1. The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience
Chapter 2

2. The Importance of Physical Activity Experience
How often and in what ways does physical activity occur in your life?
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

3. Spheres of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 48 \insert id# \
Figure 2.1
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

4. The Spheres of Physical Activity Experience
Do not classify types of physical activities
Highlight aspects of our lives in which physical activity plays an important part
Show us that some activities may be common to more than one sphere
Provide a general framework for thinking about the importance and pervasiveness of physical activity
Are not intended to compartmentalize physical activity
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

5. Self-Sufficiency Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 49 \insert id# \
Figure 2.2
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

6. Sphere of Self-Sufficiency
ADLs: Activities of daily living
Personal behaviors
IADLs: Instrumental activities of daily living
Cooking, laundry, shopping
Home maintenance activities:
More complicated and demand more energy than ADLs and IADLs
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

7. Self-Sufficiency and Aging
Physical Activity Limitations
By 2030, 22% of the U.S. population will be 65 or older.
11.8% of 55- to 64-year-olds have ADL impairments.
Almost 50% of 85+ population have ADL impairments.
Older people are often injured trying to do ADLs and IADLs.
Quality of life is diminished.
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

8. Self-Sufficiency and Aging
Mobility (walking)
Nearly 20% of people 65 and older have difficulty walking.
More than 50% of women and 33% of men over age 85 have difficulty walking up 10 steps.
(continued)
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

9. Self-Sufficiency and Aging (continued)
Driving: Older Drivers . . .
Are fastest-growing segment of population of drivers.
Do not have a disproportionately higher number of car accidents.
Do have more accidents per mile driven.
(Austinhomecareassistance.com)
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

10. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Taking care of our own wants and needs and living an independent life require, at the very least, the ability to perform ADLs and IADLs.
Kinesiology can provide the knowledge and professional expertise to help individuals maintain an independent lifestyle.

11. Self-Expression Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 51 \insert id# \
Figure 2.4
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

12. Sphere of Self-Expression
Gestures
Emblems communicate.
Illustrators complement words.
Regulators guide conversation.
There are cultural differences in gestures.
Dance and rituals
Instrumental movements are required for attaining goal.
Expressive movements are idiosyncratic.
Rituals express experience, truth, or values.
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

13. (continued)
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14. Work Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 52 \insert id# \
Figure 2.6
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

15. What Kinds of Physical Activity Are Required to Complete Your Job?
Think carefully about all the jobs you have had.
Compare the types of physical activities you were required to complete in each job.
Be sure to think broadly about physical activity; many “desk jobs” require physical activity such as typing and filing.
Rate your jobs. Which were most strenuous?
How might your health have benefited from the additional activity?
*Anyone know anyone who has NOT been able to do job?
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16. Sphere of Work Physical activity is an integral part of our work.
Physical activity produces goods and services.
Specialists focus on improved efficiency, greater productivity, and improved safety in the work setting.
Ergonomists (where do we hear this term?)
Human factors engineers

17. Sphere of Work Importance of physical activity in work
Ergonomists
Human factors engineers
Increases in sedentary types of work—risks of reduced activity
Physical activity, efficiency, and injury in the workplace
Physical and psychological demands of work
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18. Human Factors Engineers Redesign Equipment to Increase Efficiency and Prevent Injuries
Figure 53 \insert id# \
Figure 2.7
Reprinted, with permission, from Human Factors. Copyright 1989 by the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society. All rights reserved.
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19. Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005) 19

20. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Physical activity is essential to work.
Physical activity professionals contribute to work performance by improving the methods used to perform work, redesigning inefficient workspaces, and rehabilitating work-related injuries.

21. Education Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 54 \insert id# \
Figure 2.8
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

22. Sphere of Education Physical activity in all phases of education
Some examples…….
Our interest in sport, exercise and recreation just tip of the iceberg

23. Sphere of Education Instruction in sport and exercise
At one time limited to:
Public schools
College physical education
Recreation programs
Military
Today:
Sport & fitness centers
Corporations
Hospitals
Tennis, golf, swim clubs
Other?

24. Sphere of Education
Instruction in sport, fitness, and exercise most visible and accessible in physical education classes in school curriculum
Physical education
Curriculum that teaches children how to perform sport and exercise
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

25. Sphere of Education Fitness Health-related Motor ability
Whether an objective that is emphasized in public schools varies according to pressure exerted by society
What current issue might give support to emphasizing health related activity in physical education classes?
Motor ability
Run, jump, skip – locomotion
Catch, throw, kick, strike – object control

26. Growing Problem of Overweight Children and Adolescents
Replace with figure from book. Figure 55 \insert id# \
Figure 2.9
Data from USDHHS 2000.
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27. Sphere of Education Sport skill development
Develop responsible personal & social behavior
Provide opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, and self expression
Attain/maintain physical fitness
Develop lifetime sport skills
Tennis, swim, golf, in-line skate
In order to develop these sport skills, physical education classes must be scheduled on a daily basis so teachers may develop skill competencies in their students.

28. Objectives of Public School Physical Education
Varying views: What is yours?
NASPE content standards: Objectives of physical education (page 49 of textbook)
Physical fitness
Social responsibility
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

29. Objectives of Physical Education
A physically educated person
demonstrates competency in many movement forms and proficiency in a few movement forms;
applies movement concepts and principles to the learning and development of motor skills;
exhibits a physically active lifestyle;
achieves and maintains a health-enhancing level of physical fitness;
(continued)
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

30. Objectives of Physical Education (continued)
demonstrates responsible personal and social behavior in physical activity settings;
demonstrates an understanding of and respect for differences among people in physical activity settings; and
understands that physical activity provides opportunities for enjoyment, challenge, self-expression, and social interaction.
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

31. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Education is critical to civilization. Public school physical education is the one physical activity experience shared by most people, and when carefully planned by kinesiologists it can benefit the student in many ways.

32. Leisure Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 56 \insert id# \
Figure 2.10
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

33. Sphere of Leisure
Free time: Personal time not encumbered with obligations
Leisure: State of being in which humans find deep satisfaction and contentment
(continued)
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

34. Sphere of Leisure
Leisure pursuits encompass sedentary activities such as:
Chess or reading
Physical activity as leisure activity:
Water skiing or softball
Focus of study of leisure as a discipline
Leisure studies or recreation
Kinesiology – large muscle form leisure pursuit

35. Sphere of Leisure
Activities such as golf, folk dancing, softball, hiking, long runs in the park good potential for leisure.
But – potential for leisurely disposition difficult. How?
True leisure pursuit depends on:
Nature of the pursuit
Context in which it is pursued
Participant motivation and attitudes

36. Sphere of Leisure Sports watching
Clearly on the rise
Over 180 million spectators attended professional & college baseball, basketball, football, and pro hockey games in 2000 up from 150 million in 1985
Tripled attendance for women’s college basket ball since 1985

37. Sphere of Leisure Concerns for physical activity professionals
Why?
Dilemma:
Jobs of physical activity professional
Coaches, athletes, athletic trainers
Sport management as a career gaining popularity

38. Sphere of Leisure Aging and leisure physical activity
Due to health advances and study of aging, individuals over 65 have great potential to learn new skills and engage in physical activity.
Aging individuals realizing the benefits of regular participation in leisure time activities.
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

39. Percentage of adults aged 18 years and over who engaged in
regular leisure-time physical activity: United States,
Replace with figure 2.11 from book. Figure 57 \insert id# \
Figure 2.11
USDHHS, CDC, Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview, 2001, Series 10, 218. Jan. 2004, pg. 3
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

40. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Leisure, a state of being vital to humans, often involves large-muscle physical activities. The challenge for physical activity professionals is to teach people to participate in free-time physical activity pursuits in ways that nourish the disposition known as leisure.

41. Health Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 59 \insert id# \
Figure 2.12
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

42. Sphere of Health
There is a strong relationship between physical activity and health.
Physical activity and the national interest
Excessive health care costs
Death and disease associated with low physical activity levels
Disease prevention and therapy through physical activity

43. The Great Disconnect
Replace with figure in the book. Figure 60 \insert id# \
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

44. Overweight U.S. Children and Adolescents
HK will create as new art. Figure 61 \insert id# \
Reprinted, by permission, from C.L. Ogden et al., 2002, “Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents ” Journal of the American Medical Association 288(14): Copyright © American Medical Association. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

45. Sphere of Health (continued)
Psychological effects of exercise
Increase secretion of mood altering hormones
Adjust level of psychological arousal
Reduce stress
Exercise and mental/emotional illnesses
Potential detriments of physical activity
Stress fractures from repetitive motions, muscle strain
Unhealthy emotional dependence on exercise
Interferes with work or personal relationships
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

46. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Failure to make physical activity part of our daily lives has led to a health crisis of critical proportions.
Exercise professionals can provide the safest, most effective, most efficient routes to attaining health benefits from physical activity.

47. Competition Sphere of Physical Activity Experience
Figure 62 \insert id# \
Figure 2.13
Chapter 2 - Hoffman (2005)

48. Sphere of Competition Competition occurs in our daily lives.
Competition in physical activity is usually associated with sport, although it can exist in exercise.
Competition can be positive or negative.
Types of competition
Side by side
Face to face non contact
Face to face contact
Impersonal

49. Figure 2.14a and 2.14b
(continued)
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50. Figure 2.14c and 2.14d (continued)

51. The Challenge for Kinesiologists
Competition comes naturally to humans, and physical activity is an important avenue for expressing our competitive natures.
Competition can express itself in a positive or negative manner.
Kinesiologists need to teach sport skills and create environments in which enjoyable competition can take place.
Fair play
Similar performance levels
Reduce injuries

52. Table 2.1
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53. Physical Activity Experience: Words to live by!
Your life is filled with physical activity experiences.
Think carefully about how these experiences contribute to your independence; your ability to perform necessary personal, social, and work-related tasks; and your enjoyment of life.
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