1. Effects of Earthquakes (1)
Primary effects
Ground shaking, tilting, and ground rupture
Loss of life and collapse of infrastructure
Landslides, liquefaction, and tsunamis
Secondary effects
Fires, floods, and diseases

2. Effects of Earthquakes (2)
Depending upon the frequency of seismic waves
Body waves (P and S) having higher frequency than surface waves
High frequency waves posing more threats on low structures
Low frequency waves posing more impact on tall structures
High frequency waves attenuated faster over distance, higher buildings far away from the epicenter can be damaged

5. Stanford University, Geology Quad, 1906 Earthquake

6. Fault rupture ChiChi, Taiwan, 1999
Fotos from geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/ archives/eq/99taiwan/

7. Ground Amplification

8. Liquefaction Ismitz, turkey, 1999 Nijgata earthquake, 1964 Ml7.5
Fotos from USGS web site

9. Liquefaction
Chichi, 1999
Fotos from geot.civil.metro-u.ac.jp/ archives/eq/99taiwan/

10. Landslides
Chichi earthquake 1999

11. Kingston and Port Royal Jamaica 1692

12. Faults in San Francisco Bay Area

13. Damage to San Francisco from 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

14. Damage to Bay Bridge from 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake

15. Faults in Los Angeles

16. Damage from 1994 Northridge, CA earthquake

18. Failure of Van Norman Dam from 1971 San Fernando Earthquake

19. Failure of freeway overpasses during 1971 San Fernando Earthquake