1. Pleural Membranes & Pleural Cavity Visceral pleura covers lungs --- parietal pleura lines ribcage & covers upper surface of diaphragm Pleural cavity is potential space between ribs & lungs

2. Gross Anatomy of Lungs Base, apex (cupula), costal surface, cardiac notch Oblique & horizontal fissure in right lung results in 3 lobes Oblique fissure only in left lung produces 2 lobes

3. Trachea and Bronchial Tree WRITE THIS

4. BOYLE’S LAW Pressure vs. volume VolumePressure

5. Expiration Diaphragm up – relaxed – dome shaped Volume Pressure Lungs decrease in size as the air goes out

6. Inspiration Diaphragm down – flat VolumePressure Lungs increase in size as air comes in

7. Respiratory Infections Locations of infections –upper respiratory tract is above vocal cords –lower respiratory tract is below vocal cords

8. Mechanics of Respiration 1.External respiration – exchange of gases between the air outside and the bloodstream 2.Internal respiration – exchange of gases between the bloodstream and cells that make up tissues – converts oxygenated to deoxygenated a.Inspiration -the diaphragm increases volume in a superior to inferior direction -intercostal muscles increase volume anterior to posterior b. Expiration - opposite

9. Double Blood Supply to the Lungs Deoxygenated blood comes from the body to the heart Heart pumps blood to the lungs to pick up O2 Oxygenated blood comes back to the heart and then is pumped to the entire body including the lungs again

10. Oxygen Transport in the Blood hemoglobin carries oxygen inside red blood cells

11. Tracheotomy and Intubation Reestablishing airflow past an airway obstruction –crushing injury to larynx or chest –swelling that closes airway –vomit or foreign object Tracheotomy is incision in trachea below cricoid cartilage if larynx is obstructed Intubation is passing a tube from mouth or nose through larynx and trachea

12. Types of Hypoxia Deficiency of O 2 at tissue level Types of hypoxia –hypoxic hypoxia--low O 2 in arterial blood high altitude, fluid in lungs & obstructions –anemic hypoxia--too little functioning hemoglobin hemorrhage or anemia –ischemic hypoxia--blood flow is too low –histotoxic hypoxia--cyanide poisoning blocks metabolic stages & O 2 usage

13. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Binds to heme group of hemoglobin more successfully than O 2

14. Smokers Lowered Respiratory Efficiency Smoker is easily “winded” with moderate exercise –nicotine constricts terminal bronchioles –irritants in smoke cause excess mucus secretion –irritants inhibit movements of cilia –in time destroys elastic fibers in lungs & leads to emphysema trapping of air in alveoli & reduced gas exchange

15. Effects of smoking

16. Asthma Bronchial tree constricts SYMPTOMS: wheezing, coughing, lips and fingers may turn light blue WHAT BRINGS IT ON: exercise, stress, allergies, possible genetic predisposition TREATMENT: Inhaler – releases a steroid that relaxes the smooth muscles in lungs Medication

17. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) – 3 types 1. Emphysema – enlargement of alveoli, deterioration of alveolar walls – leads to lung fibrosus: lungs get firmer, less flexible, causes labored breathing - ankles swell – heart not working as well, fluids pool in feet - may become barrel chested

18. 2. Chronic bronchitis – inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles – constant 3. Lung cancer – cause of 1/3 of ALL cancer deaths -90% are smokers – low cure rate -Difficult to control metastasis -Most are malignant

19. Tuberculosis Can be acute or chronic - VERY contagious Caused by a bacteria Characterized by necrotic tissue (dead tissue)

20. Cystic Fibrosis Genetic disease - found a lot in children Accounts for 5% of childhood deaths Characterized by thick, sticky mucous build-up in the lungs and the pancreas Have isolated the gene for CF