1. Lab3-1 張明峰 交大資工系 Lab 3: FPGA Implementation Specification RTL design and Simulation Logic Synthesis Gate Level Simulation ASIC LayoutFPGA Implementation

2. Lab3-2 張明峰 交大資工系 Why Top-Down? Design of complex systems Reduce time-to-market –shorten the design verification loop –focus on functionality Easier and cheaper to explore different design option

3. Lab3-3 張明峰 交大資工系 RTL Design Characteristics –fully clock driven RTL code with some behavioral constructs –contain complete functional description –cycle accurate Coding style –structural description (component connections/net-list) –data flow description (continuous assignment) –RTL description (always block) combinational RTL sequential RTL

4. Lab3-4 張明峰 交大資工系 Logic Synthesis Translate synthesizable RTL code to gate-level design Always @(posedge clk) begin if(sel1) begin if(sel2) out = in1 ; else out = in2 ; else if(sel3) if(sel4) out = in3 ; else out = in4 ; end endmodule Gate-level circuits

5. Lab3-5 張明峰 交大資工系 Structural Mapping

6. Lab3-6 張明峰 交大資工系 Resource Sharing Example if (op_code ==0) r = a + c ; else r = a + b ; Sharing –a single ALU for the two additions –a MUX for the second input of the ALU No-Sharing –two adders for the two additions –an output MUX to select the output

7. Lab3-7 張明峰 交大資工系 Register Inferencing Determines which signals must be preserved across cycle boundaries –incomplete logic specification (missing branches) –explicit register instantiation always @(posedge clk) –signal used before assigned

8. Lab3-8 張明峰 交大資工系 Two-level Logic Optimization AND-OR representations –easy implementation as PLAs and PLDs –a key optimization technique –efficient algorithms and heuristics exist –in commercial use for several years –minimize the number of product terms Example –F = XYZ + XY’Z’ + XY’Z + X’YZ + XYZ –F = XY’ + YZ

9. Lab3-9 張明峰 交大資工系 Multi-Level Logic Optimization Meet performance or area constraints through restructuring and simplifications –two-level minimization –common factor extraction –common expression re-substitution Trade-off between area and delay In commercial use for several years –f 1 = abcd+abce+ab’cd’+ab’c’d+a’c+cdf+abc’d’e’+ab’c’df’ –f 2 = bdg + b’dfg + b’d’g+bd’eg –f 1 = c(a’+x)+ac’x’ –f 2 = gx –x = d(b+f) + d’(b’+e)

10. Lab3-10 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Algebraic Factoring F = + B + ABC + AC G = 16 –Factoring: F = ( + B ) + A (BC + C ) G = 16 – Factoring again: F = ( B + ) + AC (B + ) G = 12 – Factoring again: F = ( + AC) (B + ) G = 10 D C A A A A C C D C C D D D A C D D

11. Lab3-11 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Decomposition –The terms B + and + AC can be defined as new functions E and H respectively, decomposing F: F = E H, E = B +, and H = + AC G = 10 This series of transformations has reduced G from 16 to 10, a substantial savings. The resulting circuit has three levels plus input inverters. A CD D A C

12. Lab3-12 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Substitution of E into F – Returning to F just before the final factoring step: F = ( B + ) + AC (B + ) G = 12 – Defining E = B +, and substituting in F: F = E + ACE G = 10 – This substitution has resulted in the same cost as the decomposition A C D D A C D

13. Lab3-13 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Elimination – Beginning with a new set of functions: X = B + C Y = A + B Z = X + C Y G = 10 – Eliminating X and Y from Z: Z = (B + C) + C (A + B) G = 10 – “ Flattening ” (Converting to SOP expression): Z = B + C + AC + BC G = 12 – This has increased the cost, but has provided an new SOP expression for two-level optimization. A A A A

14. Lab3-14 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Two-level Optimization – The result of 2-level optimization is: Z = B + C G = 4 This example illustrates that: – Optimization can begin with any set of equations, not just with minterms or a truth table – Increasing gate input count G temporarily during a series of transformations can result in a final solution with a smaller G A

15. Lab3-15 張明峰 交大資工系 Transformation Examples Extraction – Beginning with two functions: E = + BD H = C + BCD G = 16 – Finding a common factor and defining it as a function: F = + BD – We perform extraction by expressing E and H as the three functions: F = + BD, E = F, H = CF G = 10 – The reduced cost G results from the sharing of logic between the two output functions B A A A B B D D D B D

16. Lab3-16 張明峰 交大資工系 Technology Mapping Translation of a technology independent representation of a circuit into a circuit in a given technology with optimal cost Optimization criteria –minimum area –minimum delay –meeting specified timing constraints –meeting specified timing constraints with minimum area Usages –Technology mapping after technology independent logic optimization

17. Lab3-17 張明峰 交大資工系 Sample covers

18. Lab3-18 張明峰 交大資工系 State Machine Synthesis Translate state table or graph –state minimization –state assignment to minimize the cost function Challenges –state machine decomposition –state assignment for performance –state assignment for testability –extract state graph from implementation

19. Lab3-19 張明峰 交大資工系 Spartan II Features  Plentiful logic and memory resources –15K to 200K system gates (up to 5,292 logic cells) –Up to 57 Kb block RAM storage  Flexible I/O interfaces –From 86 to 284 I/Os –16 signal standards  Advanced 0.25/0.22um 6-Layer Metal Process  High performance –System frequency as high as 200 MHz  Advanced Clock Control with 4 Dedicated DLLs  Unlimited Re-programmability  Fully PCI Compliant

20. Lab3-20 張明峰 交大資工系 Spartan-II Top-level Architecture Configurable logic blocks –Implement logic here! I/O blocks –Communicate with other chips –Choose from 16 signal standards Block RAM –On-chip memory for higher performance

21. Lab3-21 張明峰 交大資工系 Spartan-II Top-level Architecture Clocks and delay locked loops –Synchronize to clock on and off chip Rich interconnect resources –Three-state internal buses Power down mode –Lower quiescent power

22. Lab3-22 張明峰 交大資工系 CLB Slice (Simplified) 1 CLB holds 2 slices Each slice contains two sets of the following: –Four-input LUT Any 4-input logic function Or 16-bit x 1 RAM Or 16-bit shift register

23. Lab3-23 張明峰 交大資工系 CLB Slice (cont’d) Each slice contains two sets of the following: –Carry & control Fast arithmetic logic Multiplier logic Multiplexer logic –Storage element Latch or flip-flop Set and reset True or inverted inputs Sync. or async. control

24. Lab3-24 張明峰 交大資工系 CLB MUXF6 Slice LUT MUXF5 Slice LUT MUXF5 Dedicated Expansion Multiplexers MUXF5 combines 2 LUTs to form –4x1 multiplexer –Or any 5-input function MUXF6 combines 2 slices to form –8x1 multiplexer –Or any 6-input function

25. Lab3-25 張明峰 交大資工系 I/O Block (Simplified) Registered input, output, 3-state control Programmable slew rate, pull-up, pull-down, keeper and input delay

26. Lab3-26 張明峰 交大資工系 I/O Interface Standards I/O can be programmed for 16 different signal standards –VCCO controls maximum output swing –VREF sets input, output, three-state control Different banks can support different standards at the same time –Logic level translation –Boards with mixed standards

27. Lab3-27 張明峰 交大資工系 IOBs Organized As Independent Banks As many as eight banks on a device –Package dependent Each bank can be assigned any of the 16 signal standards XC2S50 –GCK 0: pin 80 –GCK 1: pin 77 –GCK 2: pin 182 –GCK 3: pin 185

28. Lab3-28 張明峰 交大資工系 2ns CLB Array High Performance Routing Hierarchical routing –Singles, hexes, longs Sparse connections on longer interconnects for high speed Routing delay depends primarily on distance –Direction independent –Device-size independent Predictable for early design analysis

29. Lab3-29 張明峰 交大資工系 Power-down Mode Controlled by single power down pin All inputs blocked, appear low internally All outputs disabled All register states preserved Power-down status pin Synchronous wake up 100 uA typical

30. Lab3-30 張明峰 交大資工系 There are four ways to program a Spartan-II FPGA Configuration Modes

31. Lab3-31 張明峰 交大資工系 Spartan-II Family Overview

32. Lab3-32 張明峰 交大資工系 Spartan-II Architecture Summary  Delivers all the key requirements for ASIC replacement –200,000 gates –200 MHz –Flexible I/O interfaces –On-chip distributed and block RAM –Clock management –Low power –Complete development system support

33. Lab3-33 張明峰 交大資工系 Xilinx ISE 8 Integrated Software Environment

34. Lab3-34 張明峰 交大資工系 Foundation Project Manager Integrates all tools into one environment

35. Lab3-35 張明峰 交大資工系 Schematic Entry

36. Lab3-36 張明峰 交大資工系 State Machine Graphical Editor  Graphical editor synthesizes into ABEL or VHDL code

37. Lab3-37 張明峰 交大資工系 Simulation - Easy to Use and Learn Generate stimulus easily and quickly –Keyboard toggling –Simple clock stimulus –Custom formulas Easy debugging –Waveform viewer –Signals easily added and removed –Simulator access from schematic –Color-coded values on schematic Script Editor

38. Lab3-38 張明峰 交大資工系 What is Implementation? More than just “Place & Route” Implementation includes many phases –Translate: Merge multiple design files into a single netlist –Map: Group logical symbols from the netlist (gates) into physical components (CLBs and IOBs) –Place & Route: Place components onto the chip, connect them, and extract timing data into reports –Timing (Sim): Generate a back-annotated netlist for timing simulation tools –Configure: Generate a bitstream for device configuration

39. Lab3-39 張明峰 交大資工系 Terminology Project –Source file; has a defined working directory and family Version –A Xilinx netlist translation of the schematic –Multiple Versions result from iterative schematic changes Revision –An implementation of a Xilinx netlist –Multiple revisions typically result from different options Part type –Specified at translation; can be changed in a new revision

40. Lab3-40 張明峰 交大資工系 Starting the Flow Engine Foundation Project Manager

41. Lab3-41 張明峰 交大資工系 LP-2900-XC2S50PQ208

42. Lab3-42 張明峰 交大資工系 FPGA – XC2S50

43. Lab3-43 張明峰 交大資工系 Data Switches

44. Lab3-44 張明峰 交大資工系 7-segment & LED

45. Lab3-45 張明峰 交大資工系 Keyboard

46. Lab3-46 張明峰 交大資工系 8x8 LED

47. Lab3-47 張明峰 交大資工系 8051

48. Lab3-48 張明峰 交大資工系 Lab 3: 7-Segment Display & LED Input: two 4-bit numbers num1,num2 ( push buttons sw1~sw8 ) Show the number in 7-Segment Display(active high) Compare num1 and num2 ， Use LED to show the result ( LED4 = 1 when num1 > num2; LED6 = 1 when num1 == num2; LED8 = 1 when num1 < num2 )

49. Lab3-49 張明峰 交大資工系 7485 7-seg dec. 7-seg dec. SW[1:4] SW[5:8] {agb,alb,aeb}=3’b001 agbo albo aebo

50. Lab3-50 張明峰 交大資工系 Example

51. Lab3-51 張明峰 交大資工系

52. Lab3-52 張明峰 交大資工系