1. POETRY-1 (ENG403) LECTURE – 2

2. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Poetry Categories of Poetry Types of Poetry How to Analyze Poetry o Rhythm, meter, o Rhyme scheme o Literary Aspect o Figures of Speech

3. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Categories of Poetry o Descriptive Poetry o Narrative poetry o Reflective Poetry

4. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Types of Poetry o Lyric Poetry o Ballad o Sonnet o Ode o Elegy o Epic

5. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 How to Analyze Poetry o Rhythm, meter, o Rhyme scheme o Literary Aspect o Figures of Speech

6. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Figures of Speech o Metaphor o Simile o Personification o Metonymy o Apostrophe o Hyperbole o Understatement o Litotes

7. REVIEW OF LECTURE 1 Figures of Speech o Alliteration o Assonance o Consonance o Onomatopoeia o Anaphora o Antithesis o Paradox o Oxymoron

8. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY A period of great activities: o Background o Political o Social o Religious o Literary

9. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY Background o The Norman Conquest (1066) o Rise of Anglo-French Aristocracy o French in English Court o English: used by Lower Classes o Loss of Normandy (1204) o Feeling of Antagonism o Literature was produced in French

10. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY Political o The Norman Conquest o 100 year’s war o 1337-1453 o Between England and France o National Consciousness o Patriotic Feelings o Birth of Parliament

11. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY Social o Black death (1348-49) o Living Standard Improved o Rise of craftsmen and merchants o Rise of Middle Class

12. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY Religious o Great changes occurred o English court was loyal to Pope o Conflict with France gave rise to patriotism o It weakened the pope’s authority o Pope’s court became corrupt o It gradually prevailed in the whole society o Prestige of church declined

13. INTRODUCTION TO 14 th CENTURY Literary o Medieval literature o Religious Themes o Very few notable literary works o Renaissance in Italy

14. NOTABLE WRITERS OF THE AGE William Langland – the social discontent, preaching equality of men & dignity of labor John Wycliff – Translated Bible, gave people Gospel in their own language John Gower – criticized vigorous life & afraid of its consequences John Mandeville – Travels and travelers, romancing about wonders to be seen abroad Geoffrey Chaucer – Introduction of Heroic Couplet in the Canterbury Tales.

15. GEOFFREY CHAUCER Father of English Poetry Representative poet of 14 th century Introduced Heroic Couplet in English Literature Selection included in this course o The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales

16. BIOGRAPHY OF THE POET (1) Birth: London in 1340 c. Father: Vintner (wine merchant) French, Latin and Italian 1357: Geoffrey joined service of Elizabeth 1359: went to take part in war March 1360: taken as a prisoner The king paid £16 as ransom A year later he joined royal service 1366: married Philippa, later became maid Sister to 3 rd wife of John of Gaunt

17. BIOGRAPHY OF THE POET (2) Received Gaunt’s patronage Had two sons 1367: granted annuity for life 1367-1378: Diplomatic and commercial missions abroad 1368: became king’s esquire 1369: The Book of the Duchesse 1334 lines; octosyllabic couplets

18. BIOGRAPHY OF THE POET (3) 1372-73: sent to Italy as an Ambassador Met Petrarch, Boccaccio Dante’s works inspired him to write in vulgar English 1374: Became controller of customs 1385: Lost his job & rent free home Moved to Kent; appointed as justice of peace 1385: Elected to the Parliament; representative of Kent Period of great creativity Troilus and Cressida

19. BIOGRAPHY OF THE POET (4) 1387: His wife died 1389: appointed clerk of king’s works To upkeep and repair governmental buildings Used to take money to give to laborers 1390: received royal gifts and pension 1399: His annuity was increased Spent last year of his life in Greenwich 1400: Died in London. Buried in Westminster Abbey in ‘poet’s corner’ 1555: Monument was erected to him

20. SOURCES OF NARRATIVE INSPIRATION Latin, French and Italian works Romance of the Rose by Guillaume de Loris Ovid’s poems Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio

21. IMPORTANT WORKS The Book of the Duchess (1369) o Blanche, the Duchess of Lancaster o Based on French sources; Roman de la Rose by Guillaume de Machaut The House of Fame (1374-1385) o Ovid, Virgil, Dante Translated The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius Parliament of Birds The Canterbury Tales

22. PERIODS OF INFLUENCE The French Period The Italian Period The English Period

23. THE FRENCH PERIOD The Romance of the Rose The Book of the Duchess Poems o The Complaint unto Pity o The complaint of Mars o Queen Anelida and The ABC

24. THE ITALIAN PERIOD The Parliament of Fowls Troilus and Creseyde The House of Fame Palamon and Arcite The Legend of Good Women  ITALIAN WRITERS Dante: o The Divine Comedy Boccaccio: o The Decameron Petrarch Lyric Poet

25. THE ENGLISH PERIOD Minor Poems The Canterbury Tales o Collection of Tales o Original Plan: 120 stories o Contain 24 stories o 2 are unfinished

26. CHAUCER’S LANGUAGE Over 600 Years Old Changes in meaning, spelling, vocabulary etc. Usually modern text is available for comprehension Availability of glosses These become unnecessary gradually

27. THE PROLOGUE TO THE CANTERBURY TALES Framework Pilgrimage Diverse assembly of narrators Rhyming verse written in Middle English Collection of stories narrated by 3o pilgrims The shrine of Thomas à Becket Each will tell 4 stories Plan of 120 stories

28. HEROIC COUPLET A pair of rhyming lines written in Iambic Pentameter Groups of syllables are called ‘feet’ Pentameter Five feet ‘Iambic’ refers to the foot used An unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable ‘a verse having five accents with the lines rhyming in pairs’ Befell ∣ that, in ∣ that sea ∣ son on ∣ a day, ∣ In south ∣ work at ∣ the Ta ∣ bard as ∣ I lay, ∣ at night ∣ was come ∣ into ∣ that hos ∣ telry ∣ well nine ∣ and twen ∣ ty in ∣ a com ∣ pany ∣

29. CHAUCER AS A REPRESENTATIVE POET OF 14 TH CENTURY The Canterbury Tales Representative work Brought Literature Closer to Life Presents all the stratum of society o Feudal class o Religious class o Social class

30. CHAUCER AS A MODEL Styles and techniques Shakespeare John Dryden Alexander Pope

31. RECAP OF LECTURE 2 Background Introduction to 14 th century Important writers of 14 th century Biography of G. Chaucer Works & Three Periods of Influence Chaucer’s Language Introduction to The Prologue to the Canterbury Tales

32. REFERENCES www.Cliffnotes.com www.Sparknotes.com A Quintessence of English Poetry, Dr Rubina Kamran, Farrukh Zad. NUML, Islamabad. A Quintessence of English Poetry, Dr Rubina Kamran, Farrukh Zad. NUML, Islamabad. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/chaucer_geoffrey.shtml www2.ivcc.edu/rambo/Chaucer_Canterbury_Prologue.ppt