1. New Diagnostic Considerations DSM-5, ICD10-11, PDM Review
J&K Seminars
2013
Robert M. Gordon, Ph.D. ABPP

2. Objectives Major new elements of DSM-5
The highlights of ICD-10 and preparing for October 1, 2014
The ICD-11 research
The PDM for better understanding of people and for informing psychological treatment
PDM Research
How do these various taxonomies help with ethical and risk management issues?

3. Exercise in Psychodiagnoses
Learn about:
Personality organization
Personality patterns
Strengths and weaknesses
Emergent symptoms
Cultural and Contexual issues
Issues related to ethical and risk issues
Countertransference and boundary issues
Contribute to the science of psychological taxonomy. Participation is voluntary.

4. Which Taxonomic Organization for Mental and Behavioral Science?
Like a Biological Organization?
Like a Periodic Table?

5. The term “Diagnosis” is derived from Greek - meaning a distinguishing, to perceive, to know thoroughly.

6. What is Missing?

7. In 1854, after a major outbreak of cholera struck London, John Snow, a physician, linked the outbreak to contaminated water from this hand pump on Broadwick Street. He removed the handle and stopped the epidemic.

8. Reasons for a mental health taxonomy
Ethical and humanistic dilemmas with diagnosing personality
Nosologies: Different ways to characterize disease
Different nosologies for different folks
Risk managements issues
Need for a personality-based taxonomy that informs psychological treatments

9. Start with a good diagnostic formulation
“Once I have a good feel for the person, the work is going well, I stop thinking diagnostically and simply immerse myself in the unique relationship that unfolds between me and the client…one can throw away the book and savor individual uniqueness.” Nancy McWilliams (2011) Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process, Second Edition.

10. Main Reasons for Diagnosing
1. Its usefulness for treatment planning. “Understanding character styles help the therapist be more careful with boundaries with a histrionic patient, more pursuant of the flat affect with the obsessional person, and more tolerant of silence with a schizoid client.”
2. Its implications for prognosis. “Realistic goals protect patients from demoralization and therapists from burnout.”

11. Why Diagnose? Once one knows that a depressed patient also has a
3. Its value in enabling the therapist to convey empathy.
Once one knows that a depressed patient also has a
Borderline, rather neurotic level personality structure, the
therapist will not be surprised if during the second year of
treatment she makes a suicide gesture.
Or, once a borderline client starts to have hope of real change,
that he often panics and flirts
with suicide in an effort to protect himself from
traumatic disappointment.

12. Why Diagnose?
Its role in reducing the probability that certain easily-frightened people will flee from treatment: It is helpful for the therapist to communicate to hypomanic or counter-dependent patients an understanding of how hard it may be for them to stay in therapy.

13. Why Diagnose?
5. Its value in risk management: Often therapists mistakenly used a presenting symptom as the only diagnosis and missed the borderline level of personality or psychopathic personality and got into trouble.
6. Its value in process and outcome research.

14. Ethical Standard in rendering diagnostic opinions By Dr
Ethical Standard in rendering diagnostic opinions By Dr. Stephen Behnke, APA Ethics Director
A good starting point is to reflect upon our values as psychologists and to consider the significance of rendering a diagnosis.
Principle A, Beneficence and Nonmaleficence, exhorts psychologists "to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm.”
Promoting welfare and safeguarding from harm are thus values central to our profession. Rendering a diagnosis has direct relevance to each.
Diagnoses, record reviews and the new Ethics Code, Ethical Standard 9.01 guides psychologists in rendering diagnostic opinions.
By Dr. Stephen Behnke, APA Ethics Director January 2005, Vol 36, No.1

15. Rendering Diagnoses
“In few areas of practice does a psychologist exercise greater authority and influence than to render a diagnosis, for in so doing the psychologist comes to know and convey information that may profoundly affect that individual's life.”

16. Implications of a Diagnosis: Clinical, Personal and Social
“In the clinical context, a diagnosis reveals the nature of an illness.
A correct diagnosis provides a basis for effective treatment.
An incorrect diagnosis may delay or impede effective treatment or even exacerbate a situation by inviting inappropriate treatment.
A diagnosis has personal significance insofar as it can become central to how a person experiences him- or herself.
While a correct diagnosis of a severe disorder can be enormously difficult to integrate into one's sense of self, an incorrect diagnosis can be crippling.
A diagnosis is also a label to which others respond and thus has profound social implications. Social judgments are made in response to a diagnosis of mental illness, and diagnoses can play an important role in awarding entitlements and determining placement.

17. Throw Away Occam’s Razor (law of parsimony)
Clinicians should follow the general rule of recording as many diagnoses as are necessary to cover the clinical picture.
Hickam's Dictum: "Patients can have as many diseases as they damn well please." John Hickam, MD.
When recording more than one diagnosis, it is usually best to give the main diagnosis, and to label any others as subsidiary or additional diagnoses.

18. Risk Factors in Litigious Patients
Borderline Personality Organization Psychopathic traits History of acting out

19. “I have often served as an expert witness in malpractice cases where psychologists had missed the psychopathic or borderline traits in patients.
The DSM classifies antisocial and borderline personality disorders by precise and narrow symptoms. This is often misleading. Psychopathy can be a complex personality pattern that combines with or is obscured by other personality patterns, and borderline can be viewed as an entire level of personality organization that can be applied to the various personality disorders.”
Gordon, R.M., (2007) PDM Valuable in Identifying High-Risk Patients. The National Psychologist, 16, 6, November/December, page 4.

20. Which Diagnostic Taxonomy Should We Use?
DSM-5?
ICD-10?
PDM?

21. DSM-5 The DSM-5 May 2013. Research started in 1999.
The DSM makes the American Psychiatric Association over $5 million a year, historically adding up to over $100 million.

22. DSM5

23. DSM-5 Moves from Multi-axial system to a similar ICD-10 System

24. Main DSM-5 Categories
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Depressive Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Feeding and Eating Disorders
Elimination Disorders
Sleep-Wake Disorders
Sexual Dysfunctions
Gender Dysphoria
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders
Substance Use and Addictive Disorders
Neurocognitive Disorders
Personality Disorders
Paraphilic Disorders
Other Disorders

25. DSM-5 has major reliability problems
Only 5 diagnoses achieved kappa levels of agreement between
The nine DSM-5 disorders in the kappa range of previously would have been considered just plain poor, but DSM-5 puffs these up as "good.”
Then DSM-5 calls “acceptable” 6 disorders that achieved unacceptable reliabilities with kappas of
Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder were among those that achieved the unacceptable kappas in range.

26. The six specific types are as follows:
Originally proposed only 6 personality disorders and a complex trait system
The six specific types are as follows:
T 00 Borderline Personality Disorder
T 01 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
T 02 Avoidant Personality Disorder
T 03 Schizotypal Personality Disorder
T 04 Antisocial Personality Disorder (Dyssocial Personality Disorder)
T 05 Narcissistic Personality Disorder
T 06 Personality Disorder Trait Specified

27. DSM5: T 04 Antisocial Personality Disorder
A.   Significant impairments in personality functioning manifest by:
1.   Impairments in self functioning (a or b):
a.   Identity: Ego-centrism; self-esteem derived from personal gain, power, or pleasure.
b.   Self-direction: Goal-setting based on personal gratification; absence of prosocial internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful or culturally normative ethical behavior.
2.   Impairments in interpersonal functioning (a or b):
a.   Empathy: Lack of concern for feelings, needs, or suffering of others; lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating another.
b.   Intimacy: Incapacity for mutually intimate relationships, as exploitation is a primary means of relating to others, including by deceit and coercion; use of dominance or intimidation to control others.

28. B. Pathological personality traits in the following domains:
1.   Antagonism, characterized by:
a.   Manipulativeness
b.   Deceitfulness
c.   Callousness
d.   Hostility
2.   Disinhibition, characterized by:
a.   Irresponsibility
b.   Impulsivity
c.   Risk taking

29. DSM-5: T 00 Borderline Personality Disorder- now Degree
A.   Significant impairments in personality functioning manifest by:
1.  Impairments in self functioning (a or b):
a. Identity: Markedly impoverished, poorly developed, or unstable self-image, often associated with excessive self-criticism; chronic feelings of emptiness; dissociative states under stress. 
b.   Self-direction: Instability in goals, aspirations, values, or career plans.
2.   Impairments in interpersonal functioning (a or b):
a.   Empathy
b.   Intimacy
B.  Pathological personality traits in the following domains:
1.   Negative Affectivity, characterized by:
a.   Emotional lability
b.   Anxiousness
c.   Separation insecurity
d.   Depressivity
2.   Disinhibition, characterized by:
a.   Impulsivity
b.   Risk taking
3.   Antagonism, characterized by:
a.   Hostility

30. The History, Politics and Assumptions of DSM-5

31. What Should Have Been

32. What Actually Occurred

33. How Not to Refine a Diagnostic System Lessons from DSM-5 Work in Isolation Encourage Secrecy Ignore Contradictory Evidence

38. December 1, 2012 The Proposal is Rejected by the American Psychiatric Association

41. Why Will DSM-5 Cost $199 a Copy?
By Allen Frances, M.D. 1/24/13 Huffington Post
DSM-5 has just announced its price -- an incredible $199
First, APA has sunk more than $25 million into DSM-5 and wants to recoup as much of its investment as it can.
DSM-IV cost one fifth as much -- just $5 million -- of which half came from external grants.
APA is probably counting on having captive buyers who are forced to pay its price, however exorbitant it may be.
DSM-5 boycotts are sprouting up all over the place
The codes clinicians need for insurance purposes are available for free on the internet
DSM-5 is so clunkily written, no teacher will ever want to assign it to students
People are not likely to rush out to buy a ridiculously expensive DSM-5 that has already been discredited as unsafe and scientifically unsound.

42. DSM-5 Is Guide Not Bible—Ignore Its Ten Worst Changes By Allen J
DSM-5 Is Guide Not Bible—Ignore Its Ten Worst Changes By Allen J. Frances, M.D. Psychology Today Dec
More than fifty mental health professional associations petitioned for an outside review of DSM-5 to provide an independent judgment of its supporting evidence and to evaluate the balance between its risks and benefits. Professional journals, the press, and the public also weighed in - expressing widespread astonishment about decisions that sometimes seemed not only to lack scientific support but also to defy common sense.

43. Fortunately, some of its most egregiously risky and unsupportable proposals were eventually dropped under great external pressure (most notably 'psychosis risk', mixed anxiety/depression, internet and sex addiction, rape as a mental disorder, 'hebephilia', cumbersome personality ratings, and sharply lowered thresholds for many existing disorders).

44. 1) Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder will turn temper tantrums into a mental disorder. 2) Normal grief will become Major Depressive Disorder. 3) The everyday forgetting characteristic of old age will now be misdiagnosed as Minor Neurocognitive Disorder. 4) DSM 5 will likely trigger a fad of Adult Attention Deficit Disorder leading to widespread misuse of stimulant drugs for performance enhancement and recreation and contributing to the already large illegal secondary market in diverted prescription drugs. 5) Excessive eating 12 times in 3 months is no longer just a manifestation of gluttony but it is a psychiatric illness called Binge Eating Disorder.

45. 6) The changes in the DSM-5 definition of Autism will result in lowered rates - perhaps by 50% according to outside research groups.  
7) First time substance abusers will be lumped in definitionally in with hard core addicts despite their very different treatment needs and prognosis and the stigma this will cause.
8) Behavioral Addictions that eventually can spread to make a mental disorder of everything we like to do a lot. Watch out for careless overdiagnosis of internet and sex addiction and the development of lucrative treatment programs to exploit these new markets.
9) DSM-5 obscures the already fuzzy boundary been Generalized Anxiety Disorder and the worries of everyday life.
10) DSM-5 has opened the gate even further to the already existing problem of misdiagnosis of PTSD in forensic settings.

46. Attacks on DSM5

47. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
Diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) emphasize the need for an assessment of both cognitive capacity (IQ) and adaptive functioning.
Severity is determined by adaptive functioning rather than IQ score. Moreover, a federal statue in the United States (Public Law , Rosa’s Law) replaces the term “mental retardation” with intellectual disability.
The term intellectual developmental disorder was placed in parentheses to reflect the ICD-11 (to be released in 2015).

48. Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
DSM-IV criteria had required an IQ score of 70 as the cutoff for diagnosis; the new criteria recommend IQ testing and describe “deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility.”
The new criteria also include severity measures for mild, moderate, severe, and profound intellectual disability.

49. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Consolidation of DSM-IV criteria for autism, Asperger’s, childhood disintegrative disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specific (PDD-NOS)—into one diagnostic category called autism spectrum disorder (ASD).
The new criteria describe two principal symptoms: “deficits in social communication and social interaction” and “restrictive and repetitive behavior patterns”

50. Communication Disorders
The DSM-5 communication disorders include:
language disorder
speech sound disorder
childhood-onset fluency disorder (a new name for stuttering)
social (pragmatic) communication disorder, a new condition for persistent difficulties in the social uses of verbal and nonverbal communication.

51. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
The same 18 symptoms are used as in DSM-IV
the onset criterion has been changed from “symptoms that caused impairment were present before age 7 years” to “several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12”;
subtypes have been replaced with presentation specifiers that map directly to the prior subtypes;
a comorbid diagnosis with autism spectrum disorder is now allowed;
a symptom threshold change has been made for adults with the cutoff for ADHD of five symptoms, instead of six required for younger persons,

52. Specific Learning Disorder
Specific learning disorder combines the DSM-IV diagnoses of reading disorder, mathematics disorder, disorder of written expression, and learning disorder not otherwise specified. Because learning deficits in the areas of reading, written expression, and mathematics commonly occur together, coded specifiers for the deficit types in each area are included.

53. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Elimination of the special attribution of bizarre delusions and Schneiderian first-rank auditory hallucinations (e.g., two or more voices conversing).
The second change is the addition of a requirement in Criterion A that the individual must have at least one of these three symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech. At least one of these core “positive symptoms” is necessary for a reliable diagnosis of schizophrenia

54. Schizophrenia subtypes
The DSM-IV subtypes of schizophrenia (i.e., paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, undifferentiated, and residual types) are eliminated due to their limited diagnostic stability, low reliability, and poor validity.
Instead, a dimensional approach to rating severity for the core symptoms of schizophrenia.

55. Schizoaffective Disorder
The primary change to schizoaffective disorder is the requirement that a major mood episode be present for a majority of the disorder’s total duration after Criterion A has been met.
It makes schizoaffective disorder a longitudinal instead of a cross-sectional diagnosis—more comparable to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder, which are bridged by this condition.

56. Delusional Disorder
Criterion A for delusional disorder no longer has the requirement that the delusions must be nonbizarre. A specifier for bizarre type delusions provides continuity with DSM-IV. The demarcation of delusional disorder from psychotic variants of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder is explicitly noted with a new exclusion criterion, which states that the symptoms must not be better explained by conditions such as obsessive-compulsive or body dysmorphic disorder with absent insight/delusional beliefs.

57. Catatonia
In DSM-5, catatonia may be diagnosed as a specifier for depressive, bipolar, and psychotic disorders

58. Bipolar and Related Disorders
Bipolar Disorders
Criterion A for manic and hypomanic episodes now includes an emphasis on changes in activity and energy as well as mood. The DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, mixed episode, requiring that the individual simultaneously meet full criteria for both mania and major depressive episode, has been removed. Instead, a new specifier, “with mixed features,” has been added that can be applied to episodes of mania or hypomania when depressive features are present, and to episodes of depression in the context of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder when features of mania/hypomania are present.
Other Specified Bipolar and Related Disorder
categorization for individuals with a past history of a major depressive disorder who meet all criteria for hypomania except the duration criterion (i.e., at least 4 consecutive days). A second condition constituting an other specified bipolar and related disorder is that too few symptoms of hypomania are present to meet criteria for the full bipolar II syndrome, although the duration is sufficient at 4 or more days.
Anxious Distress Specifier
Added is a specifier for anxious distress. This specifier is intended to identify patients with anxiety symptoms that are not part of the bipolar diagnostic criteria.

59. Depressive Disorders
DSM-5 contains several new depressive disorders, including disruptive mood dysregulation disorder and premenstrual dysphoric disorder.
To address concerns about potential overdiagnosis and overtreatment of bipolar disorder in children, a new diagnosis, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, is included for children up to age 18 years who exhibit persistent irritability and frequent episodes of extreme behavioral dyscontrol.
Finally, DSM-5 conceptualizes chronic forms of depression in a somewhat modified way. What was referred to as dysthymia in DSM-IV now falls under the category of persistent depressive disorder, which includes both chronic major depressive disorder and the previous dysthymic disorder.

60. Bereavement
In DSM-IV, there was an exclusion criterion for a major depressive episode that was applied to depressive symptoms lasting less than 2 months following the death of a loved one (i.e., the bereavement exclusion). This exclusion is omitted in DSM-5. 1, to remove the implication that bereavement typically lasts only 2 months when both physicians and grief counselors recognize that the duration is more commonly 1–2 years. 2, bereavement is recognized as a severe psychosocial stressor that can precipitate a major depressive episode in a vulnerable individual, and an increased risk for persistent complex bereavement disorder, which is now in Conditions for Further Study in DSM-5 Section III. 3, bereavement-related major depression is most likely to occur in individuals with past personal and family histories of major depressive episodes. It is genetically influenced and is associated with similar personality characteristics, patterns of comorbidity, and risks of chronicity and/or recurrence as non–bereavement-related major depressive episodes

61. Anxiety Disorders
The DSM-5 chapter on anxiety disorder no longer includes obsessive-compulsive disorder (which is included with the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders) or posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder (which is included with the trauma- and stressor-related disorders). However, the sequential order of these chapters in DSM-5 reflects the close relationships among them.

62. PTSD
The 3 clusters of DSM-IV symptoms will be divided into 4 clusters in DSM-5: intrusion symptoms, avoidance symptoms, arousal/reactivity symptoms and negative mood and cognitions.
Criterion A2 (requiring fear, helplessness or horror happen right after the trauma) will be removed.
The diagnosis is proposed to move from the class of anxiety disorders into a new class of "trauma and stressor-related disorders."
PTSD assessment measures, such as the CAPS and the PCL, are being revised by the National Center for PTSD to be made available upon the release of DSM-5.

63. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
The DSM-5 classification reduces the number of these disorders and subcategories. Diagnoses of somatization disorder, hypochondriasis, pain disorder, and undifferentiated somatoform disorder have been removed.

64. Parental Alienation Syndrome
Parent-child relational problem "may include negative attributions of the other's intentions, hostility toward or scapegoating of the other, and unwarranted feelings of estrangement."   
Child psychological abuse "non-accidental verbal or symbolic acts by a child's parent or caregiver that result, or have reasonable potential to result, in significant psychological harm to the child.” 

65. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)
The ICD is currently the most widely used statistical classification system for diseases in the world.
This is in fact the official diagnostic system for mental disorders in the US.
The ICD-10 was developed in 1992.
ICD-11 is currently being researched and should be ready in 2015.

66. ICD History
The first international conference to revise the International Classification of Causes of Death convened in 1900; with revisions occurring every ten-years thereafter.
In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) assumed responsibility for preparing and publishing the revisions to the ICD every ten-years. WHO sponsored the seventh and eighth revisions in 1957 and 1968, respectively. It later become clear that the established ten-year interval between revisions was too short.
The America Psychiatric Association has long lobbied against the use of the ICD (but due to federal law is forced to work with the ICD).

67. ICD is Required by HIPAA
The deadline for the United States to begin using Clinical Modification ICD-10-Clinical Modification (CM) is currently October 1, 2014.
The deadline was previously October 1, The transition to ICD-10 is required for everyone covered by the Health Insurance Portability Accountability Act (HIPAA), Medicare and Medicaid.

68. ICD-10 mental and behavioural disorders consists of 10 main groups:
F0: Due to known physiological conditions
F1: Due to use of psychoactive substances
F2: Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders
F3: Mood [affective] disorders
F4: Anxiety, dissociative, stress-related and somatoform disorders
F5: Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors
F6: Disorders of personality and behaviour in adult persons
F7: Intellectual disabilities
F8: Pervasive and specific developmental disorders
F9: Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
In addition, a group of "unspecified mental disorders".

69. ICD-10 Disorders of adult personality and behavior
F60 Specific personality disorders F60.0 Paranoid personality disorder F60.1 Schizoid personality disorder F60.2 Antisocial personality disorder F60.3 Borderline personality disorder F60.4 Histrionic personality disorder F60.5 Obsessive-Compulsive personality disorder F60.6 Avoidant personality disorder F60.7 Dependent personality disorder F60.8 Other specific personality disorders F60.81 Narcissistic personality disorder F60.89 Other specific personality disorder F60.9 Personality disorder, unspecified

70. ICD-10 and Borderline
“After initial hesitation, a brief description of borderline personality disorder (F60.31) was finally included as a subcategory of emotionally unstable personality disorder (F60.3), again in the hope of stimulating investigations.”
The Borderline was added back into ICD-10

71. F60.3 Emotionally unstable personality disorder
marked tendency to act impulsively without consideration of the consequences, together with affective instability. The ability to plan ahead may be minimal, and outbursts of intense anger may often lead to violence or "behavioral explosions";
F60.30 Impulsive type emotional instability and lack of impulse control, Outbursts of violence or threatening behavior are common, particularly in response to criticism by others.
Includes: explosive and aggressive personality (disorder) Excludes: dissocial personality disorder (F60.2)
F60.31 Borderline type the patient's own self-image, aims, and internal preferences (including sexual) are often unclear or disturbed. There are usually chronic feelings of emptiness; intense and unstable relationships may cause repeated emotional crises and may be associated with excessive efforts to avoid abandonment and a series of suicidal threats or acts of self-harm (although these may occur without obvious precipitants).
Includes: borderline personality (disorder)

72. Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
ICD-11 Survey Overview
2 September 2010
2155 global psychologists participated in the WHO and International Union of Psychological Sciences (IUPsyS)
Recruited through 23 IUPsyS member national psychological associations in 23 countries
10 low and middle-income countries
Administered in 5 languages (English, Spanish, French, German, Turkish)
Parallel to survey conducted by WHO and World Psychiatric Association (WPA) of 4887 psychiatrists in 44 countries
WPA International Congress

73. ICD
ICD-11 will draw on research about how clinicians conceptualize mental disorders in hopes of creating a more intuitive and psychological classification system.
ICD-11 will be available for free on the Internet (ICD-9 and 10 apps are free).

74. Collaborators Geoffrey M. Reed Spencer C. Evans Ann D. Watts
João Mendonça Correia
Patricia Esparza
Mario Maj
Michael C. Roberts
Shekhar Saxena

75. 2155 Participating Psychologists
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
2155 Participating Psychologists
2 September 2010
Europe
n = 1398
USA
n = 108
Asia
n = 139
Latin
America
n = 165
Africa n = 121
Eastern
Mediterranean
n = 224
WORLD
N = 2155
WPA International Congress

76. Who Makes Diagnoses?
% Participants

77. Psychologists’ Role in Making Diagnoses
% Participants

78. Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
Use of Classification Systems
2 September 2010
% Participants
WPA International Congress

79. Classification System Most Used
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
Classification System Most Used
2 September 2010
% Participants
WPA International Congress

80. Purpose of Classification
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
2 September 2010
Purpose of Classification
% Participants
WPA International Congress

81. Number of Categories Desired
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
2 September 2010
Number of Categories Desired
% Participants
WPA International Congress

82. Strict Criteria vs. Flexible Guidance
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
2 September 2010
Strict Criteria vs. Flexible Guidance
% Participants
WPA International Congress

83. A Dimensional Component
% Participants

84. Reactions to Adverse Life Events
Dr. Geoffrey M. Reed World Health Organization
2 September 2010
Reactions to Adverse Life Events
% Participants
WPA International Congress

85. Usability Across Cultures by Region
Q19 – ‘The diagnostic system I use is difficult to apply across cultures, or when the patient/service user is of a different cultural or ethnic background from my own.’

86. Categories Used Most Often
ICD-10 and DSM-IV
Categories Used Most Often
ICD-10 %
DSM-IV
Depressive Episode
71%
Major Depressive Disorder
60%
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
48%
59%
Social Phobia
46%
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
42%
Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder
44%
Adjustment Disorders
41%
Recurrent Depressive Disorder
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
38%
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
37%
Borderline Personality Disorder
Adjustment Disorder
34%
Specific (Isolated) Phobias
Single Major Depressive Episode
Hyperkinetic (Attention Deficit) Disorder
Panic Disorder without Agoraphobia
32%
Bipolar I Disorder
27%
Bipolar Affective Disorder
28%
Alcohol-Related Disorders
26%

87. Categories With the Lowest Ease of Use
ICD-10
EOU
DSM-IV
Asperger's Syndrome
0.50
Dissociative Disorders
0.48
Dissociative [Conversion] Disorders
Impulse Control Disorders
Schizoaffective Disorder
0.51
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
0.54
Schizotypal Disorder
Somatoform Disorders
0.52
Asperger's Disorder
0.56
Borderline Personality Disorder
Hyperkinetic (Attention Deficit) Disorder
Primary Sleep Disorders
0.58
Delirium
Bipolar II Disorder
MBDs due to Use of Volatile Solvents
Tic disorders
0.59
Habit and Impulse Disorders
Brief Psychotic Disorder
0.60
MBDs due to Use of Hallucinogens
Vascular Dementia
Bipolar Affective Disorder
Sexual Dysfunctions
Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder
Autistic Disorder
0.61
Adjustment Disorder
Delusional Disorder
0.62

88. Categories With the Lowest Goodness of Fit
ICD-10
GOF
DSM-IV
Dissociative [Conversion] Disorders
0.45
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
0.44
Asperger's Syndrome
Dissociative Disorders
Hyperkinetic (Attention Deficit) Disorder
0.50
Somatoform Disorders
0.47
Schizoaffective Disorder
0.51
Asperger's Disorder
0.48
Impulse Control Disorders
Borderline Personality Disorder
0.49
MBDs Due to Use of Hallucinogens
0.52
Primary Sleep Disorders
Schizotypal Disorder
0.53
Tic disorders
Vascular Dementia
Bipolar II Disorder
Dissocial (Antisocial) Personality Disorder
0.55
0.54
Adjustment Disorder
Autistic Disorder
Habit and Impulse Disorders
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder
0.56
Sexual Dysfunctions

89. ICD-10 / ICD-11 Schizotypal Disorder
An enduring pattern of unusual speech, perceptions, beliefs and behaviors that are not of sufficient intensity to meet the requirements of schizophrenia. 3 or 4 of the following:
Constricted affect, the individual appearing cold and aloof.
Behaviour or appearance which is odd, eccentric, or peculiar.
Poor rapport with others, tendency towards social withdrawal.
Unusual beliefs, magical thinking or paranoid ideation
Unusual perceptual distortions
Suspiciousness or paranoid ideas
Occasional transient psychotic episodes
Vague, circumstantial, stereotyped thinking
Obsessive ruminations
Not met diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia

90. DSM-IV Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort with, and reduced capacity for, close relationships as well as by cognitive or perceptual distortions and eccentricities of behavior…
5 or more of the following:
(1) ideas of reference
(2) odd beliefs or magical thinking
(3) unusual perceptual experiences
(4) odd thinking and speech (e.g., vague, circumstantial)
(5) suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
(6) inappropriate or constricted affect
(7) behavior or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar
(8) lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
(9) excessive social anxiety

91. DSM-5 Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A. Significant impairments in personality functioning:
1. Impairments in self functioning (a or b):
a. Identity: Confused boundaries between self and others;
b. Self-direction: Unrealistic or incoherent goals;
AND
2. Impairments in interpersonal functioning (a or b):
a. Empathy: Difficulty understanding impact of behaviors on others;
b. Intimacy: Marked impairments in developing close relationships.
B. Pathological personality traits in the following domains:
1. Psychoticism, characterized by:
a. Eccentricity
b. Cognitive and perceptual dysregulation:
c. Unusual beliefs and experiences
2. Detachment, characterized by:
a. Restricted affectivity
b. Withdrawal
3. Negative Affectivity, characterized by:
a. Suspiciousness

92. DSM-5 Schizotypal Personality Disorder
The only two non-US members of the DSM-5 Personality Disorders Work group (Roel Verheul and John Livesley) resigned in April 2012:
“First, the proposed classification is unnecessarily complex, incoherent, and inconsistent. … Second, the proposal displays a truly stunning disregard for evidence.
The current proposal represents the worst possible outcome: it displays almost total discontinuity with DSM-IV while failing to improve validity and clinical utility of the classification.”

93. A diagnostic framework that attempts to characterize the whole person--the depth as well as the surface of emotional, cognitive, and social functioning; from healthy to disturbed in a mixed categorical -dimensional system

94. Developed by A collaborative effort of the:
American Psychoanalytic Association
International Psychoanalytical Association
Division of Psychoanalysis (39) of the American Psychological Association
American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry
National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work

95. The New York Times Book Review For Therapy, a New Guide With a Touch of Personality January 24, 2006 By BENEDICT CAREY
The encyclopedia of mental disorders known as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual is built on a principle that many therapists find simplistic: that people's symptoms are the most reliable way to classify their mental troubles.

96. The New York Times Book Review
The most striking proposal in the new manual is its insistence that personality be evaluated first, and symptoms considered secondary.
The first section of the book describes 14 different personality patterns. It also restores others that were dropped from recent editions of the DSM, like sadistic, masochistic and passive-aggressive personality patterns.
"The DSM is a taxonomy of diseases or disorders of function. Ours is a taxonomy of people,“ the new manual declares.

97. Goals
Improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders that will permit a fuller understanding of the functioning of the mind and brain and their development.

98. Basis
The PDM is based on current neuroscience, treatment outcome research, and other empirical investigations. Research on brain development and the maturation of mental processes suggests that patterns of emotional, social, and behavioral functioning involve many areas working together rather than in isolation.

99. Research Support
Blatt, (this volume), Norcross (2002), Wampold (2001) have concluded that the nature of the psychotherapeutic relationship, reflecting interconnected aspects of mind and brain operating together in an interpersonal context, predicts outcome more robustly than any specific treatment approach per se. Westen, Novotny, and Thompson-Brenner (2004 and this volume) have presented evidence that treatments that focus on isolated symptoms or behaviors (rather than personality, emotional, and interpersonal patterns ) are not effective in sustaining even narrowly defined changes.

100. Psychodynamic Theory as a Complex Adaptive System- interaction, interdependence and diversity of constructs (temperament, affects, cognitions, development, traumas, defenses, fantasies, attachments), emergences (symptoms), tails (one event can move the entire central tendency) and tipping points (break downs).

101. PDM’s Current Taxonomy
Manifest Symptoms and Concerns
Mental Functioning
Personality Patterns and Disorders

102. Types of Personality Disorders or Patterns
P101. Schizoid Personality Disorders P102. Paranoid Personality Disorders
P103. Psychopathic (Antisocial) Personality Disorders   P103.1  Passive/Parasitic   P103.2  Aggressive
P104. Narcissistic Personality Disorders   P104.1  Arrogant/Entitled   P104.2  Depressed/Depleted
P105. Sadistic and Sadomasochistic Personality Disorders   P105.1  Intermediate Manifestation: Sadomasochistic Personality Disorders
P106. Masochistic (Self-Defeating) Personality Disorders   P106.1  Moral Masochistic   P106.2  Relational Masochistic

103. P107. Depressive Personality Disorders P107. 1 Introjective P107
P107. Depressive Personality Disorders   P107.1  Introjective   P107.2  Anaclitic   P107.3  Converse Manifestation: Hypomanic Personality Disorder
P108. Somatizing Personality Disorders
P109. Dependent Personality Disorders   P109.1  Passive-Aggressive Versions of Dependent Personality Disorders   P109.2  Converse Manifestation: Counterdependent Personality Disorders
P110. Phobic (Avoidant) Personality Disorders   P110.1  Converse Manifestation: Counterphobic Personality Disorders
P111. Anxious Personality Disorders

104. P112. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders   P112.1  Obsessive   P112.2  Compulsive
P113. Hysterical (Histrionic) Personality Disorders   P113.1  Inhibited   P113.2  Demonstrative or Flamboyant
P114.  Dissociative Personality Disorders (Dissociative Identity Disorder/Multiple Personality Disorder)
P115.  Mixed/Other

105. Profile of Mental Functioning - M Axis
Capacity for Regulation, Attention, and Learning
Capacity for Relationships (Including Depth, Range, and Consistency)
Quality of Internal Experience (Level of Confidence and Self-Regard)
Affective Experience, Expression, and Communication
Defensive Patterns and Capacities
Capacity to Form Internal Representations
Capacity for Differentiation and Integration
Self-Observing Capacities (Psychological-Mindedness)
Capacity for Internal Standards and Ideals: A Sense of Morality

106. Symptom Patterns: The Subjective Experience - S Axis
S301. Adjustment Disorders S302. Anxiety Disorders   S302.1  Psychic Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder   S302.2  Phobias   S302.3  Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders S303. Dissociative Disorders S304. Mood Disorders   S304.1  Depressive Disorders   S304.2  Bipolar Disorders S305. Somatoform (Somatization) Disorders S306. Eating Disorders S307. Psychogenic Sleep Disorders S308. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders   S308.1  Sexual Disorders   S308.2  Paraphilias   S308.3  Gender Identity Disorders S309. Factitious Disorders S310. Impulse Control Disorders S311. Addictive/Substance Abuse Disorders S312. Psychotic Disorders S313. Mental Disorders Based on a General Medical Condition

107. Classification of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Disorders
Profile of Mental Functioning for Children and Adolescents - MCA Axis
Capacity for Regulation, Attention, and Learning Capacity for Relationships (Including Depth, Range, and Consistency) Quality of Internal Experience (Level of Confidence and Self-Regard) Affective Experience, Expression, and Communication Defensive Patterns and Capacities Capacity to Form Internal Representations Capacity for Differentiation and Integration Self-Observing Capacities (Psychological-Mindedness) Capacity for Internal Standards and Ideals: Sense of Morality Summary of Child and Adolescent Mental Functioning

108. Child and Adolescent Personality Patterns and Disorders - PCA Axis
Developmental Aspects of Emerging Personality Patterns     PCA101. Fearful of Closeness/Intimacy (Schizoid) Personality Disorders PCA102. Suspicious/Distrustful Personality Disorders PCA103. Sociopathic (Antisocial) Personality Disorders PCA104. Narcissistic Personality Disorders PCA105. Impulsive/Explosive Personality Disorders PCA106. Self-Defeating Personality Disorders PCA107. Depressive Personality Disorders PCA108. Somatizing Personality Disorders PCA109. Dependent Personality Disorders PCA110. Avoidant/Constricted Personality Disorders   PCA110.1 Counterphobic Personality Disorders PCA111. Anxious Personality Disorders PCA112. Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders PCA113. Histrionic Personality Disorders PCA114. Dysregulated Personality Disorders PCA115. Mixed/Other

109. Child and Adolescent Symptom Patterns: The Subjective Experience
Anxiety Disorders SCA301. Anxiety Disorders SCA302. Phobias SCA303. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders SCA304. Somatization (Somatoform) Disorders Affect/Mood Disorders SCA305. Prolonged Mourning/Grief Reaction SCA306. Depressive Disorders SCA307. Bipolar Disorders SCA308. Suicidality Disruptive Behavior Disorders SCA309. Conduct Disorders SCA310. Oppositional-Defiant Disorders SCA311. Substance Abuse Related Disorders Reactive Disorders SCA312. Psychic Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder SCA313. Adjustment Disorders (other than developmental) Disorders of Mental Functioning SCA314. Motor Skills Disorders SCA315. Tic Disorders SCA316. Psychotic Disorders SCA317. Neuropsychological Disorders   SCA317.1  Visual-Spatial Processing Disorders   SCA317.2  Language and Auditory Processing Disorders   SCA317.3  Memory Impairments   SCA317.4  Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (AD/HD)   SCA317.5  Executive  Function Disorders   SCA317.6  Severe Cognitive Deficits

110. Child and Adolescent Symptom Patterns: The Subjective Experience
SCA318. Learning Disorders   SCA318.1  Reading Disorders   SCA318.2  Mathematics Disorders   SCA318.3  Disorders of Written Expression   SCA318.4  Nonverbal Learning Disabilities   SCA318.5  Social-Emotional Learning Disabilities Psychophysiologic Disorders SCA319. Bulimia SCA320. Anorexia Developmental Disorders SCA321. Regulatory Disorders SCA322. Feeding Problems of Childhood SCA323. Elimination Disorders   SCA323.1  Encopresis   SCA323.2  Enuresis SCA324. Sleep Disorders SCA325. Attachment Disorders SCA326. Pervasive Developmental Disorders   SCA326.1  Autism   SCA326.2  Asperger’s Syndrome   SCA326.3  Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) Not Otherwise Specified Other Disorders SCA327. Gender Identity Disorders

111. Disorders of Infancy and Early Childhood – Axis I - Primary Axis
IEC100 Series- Interactive Disorders IEC101. Anxiety Disorders IEC102. Developmental Anxiety Disorders IEC103. Disorders of Emotional Range and Stability IEC104. Disruptive Behavior and Oppositional Disorders IEC105. Depressive Disorders IEC106. Mood Dysregulation: A Unique Type of Interactive and Mixed Regulatory-Sensory Processing Disorder Characterized by Bipolar Patterns IEC107. Attentional Disorders IEC108. Prolonged Grief Reaction IEC109. Reactive Attachment Disorders IEC110. Traumatic Stress Disorders IEC111. Adjustment Disorders IEC112. Gender Identity Disorders IEC113. Selective Mutism IEC114. Sleep Disorders IEC115. Eating Disorders IEC116. Elimination Disorders

112. IEC200 Series - Regulatory-Sensory Processing Disorders (RSPD) Clinical Evidence and Prevalence of Regulatory-Sensory Processing Differences Sensory Modulation Difficulties (Type I) IEC201. Overresponsive, Fearful, Anxious Pattern IEC202. Overresponsive, Negative, Stubborn Pattern IEC203. Underresponsive, Self-Absorbed Pattern   IEC203.1  Self-Absorbed and Difficult-to-Engage Type   IEC203.2  Self-Absorbed and Creative Type IEC204. Active, Sensory Seeking Pattern Sensory Discrimination Difficulties (Type II) and Sensory-Based Motor Difficulties (Type III) IEC205. Inattentive, Disorganized Pattern   IEC205.1  With Sensory Discrimination Difficulties   IEC205.2  With Postural Control Difficulties   IEC205.3  With Dyspraxia   IEC205.4  With Combinations of All Three IEC206. Compromised School and/or Academic Performance Pattern   IEC206.1  With Sensory Discrimination Difficulties   IEC206.2  With Postural Control Difficulties   IEC206.3  With Dyspraxia   IEC206.4  With Combinations of All Three Contributing Sensory Discrimination and Sensory-Based Motor Difficulties

113. IEC207. Mixed Regulatory-Sensory Processing Patterns IEC207
IEC207. Mixed Regulatory-Sensory Processing Patterns   IEC207.1  Attentional Problems   IEC207.2  Disruptive Behavioral Problems   IEC207.3  Sleep Problems   IEC207.4  Eating  Problems   IEC207.5  Elimination Problems   IEC207.6  Selective Mutism   IEC207.7  Mood Dysregulation, including Bipolar Patterns   IEC207.8  Other Emotional and Behavioral Problems Related to
Mixed Regulatory-Sensory Processing Difficulties   IEC207.9  Mixed Regulatory-Sensory Processing Patterns where Behavioral or Emotional Problems Are Not Yet In Evidence
IEC300 Series - Neurodevelopmental Disorders of Relating and Communicating IEC301. Type I: Early Symbolic, with Constrictions IEC302. Type II: Purposeful Problem-Solving, with Constrictions IEC303. Type III: Intermittently Engaged and Purposeful IEC304. Type IV: Aimless and Unpurposeful Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Including Genetic and Metabolic Syndromes)

114. Reactions to the PDM
The PDM was introduced to 192 psychologists in a several ethics and MMPI-2 workshops
(65 Psychodynamic, 76 CBT and 51 Other)
Over all the psychologists gave the PDM a 90% favorable rating.
Gordon, R.M. (2009). Reactions to the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) by Psychodynamic, CBT and Other Non- Psychodynamic Psychologists. Issues in Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31,1,

115. From Earliest Findings: Personality Organization is a Main Factor in Treatment Choice
1930 Fenichel, Jones, 1937 Alexander
all reported substantial benefits with psychoanalysis with the great majority of the neurotic patients, but found much lower improvement percentages in those diagnosed psychotic.
Kernberg (1983) stated that Borderline patients do best with a special kind of psychoanalytic psychotherapy.

116. To the most recent: “The impact of level of personality organization on treatment response: a systematic review.” (2012)
“Higher initial levels of PO are moderately to strongly associated with better treatment outcome.
Level of PO may interact with the type of intervention (i.e., interpretive versus supportive) in predicting treatment outcome...”
Koelen JA, Luyten P, Eurelings-Bontekoe LH, Diguer L, Vermote R, Lowyck B, Bühring ME. (2012). The impact of level of personality organization on treatment response: a systematic review. Psychiatry, 75(4),

117. McWilliams’ taxonomy is fundamentally based on two dimensions:
Nancy McWilliams ( 2011) Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process.
McWilliams’ taxonomy is fundamentally based on two dimensions:
Personality Organization and
Character Organization.
Gordon, R.M. (2013) book review in Division/Review and at Amazon books

118. Robert M. Gordon and Robert F. Bornstein (2012)
Psychodiagnostic Chart (PDC) An Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual Guide
Robert M. Gordon and Robert F. Bornstein (2012)

119. PDC Is A User Friendly Guide to the Adult Section of the PDM
Short- 3pages
Easy - all scales are 1-10
Intuitive and Empirical
Categorical and Dimensional
Flexible - can do part or all
Integrates with the DSM and ICD
Good Reliability and Construct Validity-preliminary field evidence (Gordon and Stoffey 2013 in press)

120. PDC’s Taxonomy: From Larger to Smaller Units
Cultural-Contextual Issues
ICD Symptoms
Mental Functioning
Personality Patterns
Personality Organization

121. Clinical Example Using the PDC
“Bana” is a 28 year old woman from Syria. Her husband was killed in the war and she has no children. Her brother was able to get her to the US this year.
1. Level of Personality Organization- is 7 (Neurotic Level). Her capacity scores are mainly in the 6-9 range. Her lowest rating is in Affect Tolerance (5) which may be due to her PTSD. She is a good candidate for PDT.
2. Personality Patterns or Disorders- mainly Hysterical/Inhibited type at the Moderate level of severity (6) with some obsessional and dependent features.
3. Mental Functioning- most of the 9 capacities are in the high range. She has a masters in education, her marriage was good, she has average self esteem, she can go from inhibited to overly excited expression of affect, her favored defenses are repression and intellectualization, she has a warm relationship with her mother and both sets of grandparents, her father was killed when she was a child, good level of differentiation and integration, very insightful and excellent moral reasoning.
4. Manifest Symptoms- ICD-10: (F43.1) Post-traumatic stress disorder
5. Cultural, Contextual Issues- recent death of husband, war trauma, loss of father, leaving much of her family and friends behind, immigration fears and guilt.

122. Testing Dimensional and Categorical Qualities of Personality Organization
Hysteria scale and Schizophrenia scale correlate
.01 with male sample and .15 with female sample. They are independent representations of very different character structures.
The Ego Strength scale measures responsiveness to psychotherapy. I found that the Es scale significantly increased (p<.001, Cohen’s d = .80) after an average of 3 years of PDT for 55 borderline patients (Gordon, 2001).

123. (L+Pa+Sc)-(Hy+Pt) Es Sc, Hy and Es
Testing Dimensional and Categorical Qualities of Personality Organization with 3 Scales
(L+Pa+Sc)-(Hy+Pt) Es
Sc, Hy and Es
Hy and Sc have very low corrections , Es and Sc moderate correlations, Es and Hy low to moderate correlations.

124. MMPI-2 Hysteria-Hy, Schizophrenia-Sc, and Ego Strength-Es Scales within the Psychotic, Borderline, and Neurotic Categories of the Personality Organization Scale
Psychotic (ratings 1-3, n = 13), Borderline (4-6, n = 52), and Neurotic (7-10, n = 33).
Psychotic: Sc >> Hy>> Es; Borderline: (Sc ~ Hy) >> Es; Neurotic: (Sc ~ Hy) > Es all in the average to moderate range.
N=98 In hypothesis B.1., we predicted the Sc scale mean should be significantly larger than both the Hy and Es scale means for the psychotic level. Pairwise comparisons supported that prediction: Sc was significantly larger than Es (M = 85.77, SD = vs , SD = 6.78, p = .001) and significantly larger than Hy (M = 85.77, SD = vs , SD = 18.46, p = .017).
In hypothesis B.2.for the borderline level, we predict that both the Sc scale mean and the Hy scale mean should not be significantly different (borderline as a mix of psychotic and neurotic features), but they both should be significantly larger than the Es scale mean. That prediction was supported: Sc and Hy were not significantly different, but Sc was significantly larger than Es (M = 62.21, SD = 12.31, vs , SD = 10.25, p = .001) and Hy was also significantly larger than Es (64.21, SD = vs , SD = 10.25, p = .001).
Finally, for the neurotic level, we predicted in hypothesis B.3. that the Es, Sc and Hy scales should all be in the normal-moderate range. There were significant mean differences between Es (M = 49.55, SD = 10.16) in comparison to both Hy (M = 59.85, SD = 12.15) and Sc,(M = 56.18, SD = 9.28). Hy and Sc were in the moderate range, and Ego strength moved up to the average range showing support for the prediction (see Figure 1 for the MMPI-2 scale means within each level).
We next examined the pattern of means for each of the Hy, Sc, and Es scales separately across each of the three scale categories. A series of One-Way ANOVAs was used to test the hypothesized outcomes. For hypothesis C.1., we predicted significant mean differences for Hy across the psychotic, borderline, and neurotic scale categories, with the largest scale mean for psychotic followed by borderline and lastly the neurotic category (See Table 4 for the means and standard deviations). The ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences among the three scale categories on the Hy scale, F (2, 95) = 3.96, p < = .022, 2= .08. Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that patients rated as psychotic scored significantly higher on the Hy scales in comparison to patients rated as neurotic (M = vs. M = 59.85, p = .023). Although in the predicted direction, there was no significance mean difference between patients rated as psychotic and those rated as borderline (M = vs , p = .154) nor was there significant mean differences between patients rated as borderline and those rated as neurotic (M = vs , p = .379).
For hypothesis C.2., we predicted significant mean differences for Sc across the psychotic, borderline, and neurotic scale categories, with the largest scale mean for psychotic followed by borderline and lastly the neurotic category (see Table 4 for the means and standard deviations). The ANOVA indicated that there were significant differences among the three scale categories on the Sc scale, F (2, 95) = 26.15, p <.001, 2= .36. Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that patients rated as psychotic scored significantly higher on the Sc scale in comparison to those rated as borderline (M = vs , p = .001) and neurotic (M = vs , p = .001). There was no significant mean difference between patients rated as borderline versus neurotic (M = vs , p = .104).
We predicted for hypothesis C.3., significant mean differences for Es across the psychotic, borderline, and neurotic scale categories, with the largest scale mean for neurotic, followed by borderline and lastly the psychotic category (see Table 4 for the means and standard deviations). This final ANOVA also found significant mean differences among the three scale categories on the Es scale, F (2, 95) = , p. = 001,2= .20. Scheffe post hoc tests indicated that patients rated as neurotic scored significantly higher on the Es scale in comparison to those rated as borderline (M = vs , p = .028), and psychotic (M = vs. M = 34.31, p = .001). There was also a significance mean difference between patients rated as borderline and those rated as psychotic (M = vs , p = .012).

125. Example of a Psychotic Level Personality: Schizotypal
In ICD-10, Schizotypal disorder is classified as a clinical disorder associated with schizophrenia rather than a personality disorder as with DSM-IV and 5.
It is not in the PDM.

126. Percent of Practitioners Rating the PDC Dimensions as “Helpful—Very Helpful” in Understanding Their Patient
Of the 61 practitioners surveyed, 80% held doctorates and 20% held masters degrees. Fifty-two percent of the respondents were women. Most of the participating practitioners’ primary theoretical orientations were other than psychodynamic: Psychodynamic (44%), Eclectic (21%), Cognitive-Behavioral (15%), Humanistic/existential (13%), and Systems (3%).
Practitioners rated on 7-point scales (1 = Not at all helpful; 7 = Very helpful) how helpful the PDC was in improving both their understanding of their patients and in treatment planning beyond their ICD and DSM diagnosis. Practitioners were also asked to rate how helpful specific scales of the PDC were in understanding their patients. Seventy-nine percent of the practitioners rated the PDC as “helpful-very helpful” in improving their understanding of their patient beyond their ICD or DSM diagnosis, 67% rated the PDC as “helpful-very helpful” in the treatment planning of their patient beyond their ICD or DSM diagnosis, 84% rated the PDC’s level of Personality Structure Scale as “helpful-very helpful” in understanding their patient, 72% rated Dominate Personality Patterns and Disorders Scale as “helpful-very helpful” in understanding their patient, 79% rated the Mental Functioning Scale as “helpful-very helpful” in understanding their patient, and 50% rated the Cultural/Contextual Dimension as “helpful-very helpful” in understanding their patient. In comparison to the above PDC scales, only 31% rated the ICD or DSM symptoms as “helpful-very helpful” in understanding their patient

127. Personality Organization Dimension: Summary
Practitioners want a parsimonious taxonomy that informs psychotherapy and management issues.
Practitioners consider personality organization a very important dimension in understanding their patients.
Research supports that personality organization predicts response to treatment and is sensitive to type of treatment (supportive vs. interpretive).
Research supports a psychotic level personality organization.

128. Current PDM Study
Data collected from 13 workshops from Nov July 2013.
Estimated N= 500+ practitioners and doctoral students
Lead researcher Robert M. Gordon

129. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Prototypes (PDP)
Francesco Gazzillo, PhD
Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology
«Sapienza» University of Rome
129

130. PDP narrative description
P105.1 Intermediate Manifestation:
Sadomasochistic Personality Disorders
Some individuals alternate between sadistic and sadomasochistic attitudes and behaviors (Kernberg, 1988). Patients with this psychology are much more emotionally alive and capable of attachment than those with primary psychopathic, narcissistic, or sadistic personality structures. Their relationships, however, are intense and explosive. Sometimes they let themselves be dominated to an extreme extent, and sometimes they viciously attack the person to whom they previously capitulated. They tend to see themselves as victims of others’ aggression whose only choices are to surrender their will entirely or to fight back belligerently. The “help-rejecting complainer” described by Frank and his colleagues (Frank, Margolin, Nash, Stone, Varon & Ascher, 1952) is one version of this psychology. In psychotherapy, such patients tend to alternate between attacking the therapist and feeling insulted and demeaned by him or her. Because sadomasochistic personality disorder is found at the borderline level of severity, treatment considerations include those for borderline patients generally.
130

131. The Prototypic Assessment
The validation of Psychodynamic Diagnostic Prototypes (PDP; Gazzillo, Lingiardi, Del Corno, 2010)
The Prototypic Assessment
of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Prototype
5 Very good match (patient exemplifies this disorder; prototypical case)
4 Good match (patient has this disorder; diagnosis applies)
3 Moderate match (patient has significant features of this disorder)
2 Slight match (patient has minor features of this disorder)
1 No match (description does not apply)
The evaluation of all 21 disorders takes about minutes
131

132. Obsessive-compulsive
The validation of Psychodynamic Diagnostic Prototypes (PDP; Gazzillo, Lingiardi, Del Corno, 2010)
PDP DISORDERS
Kappa values
Rho values
Schizoid
.64**
.71**
Paranoid
.51**
.75**
Psychopatic
.61**
.77**
Narcissistic
.65**
.68**
Sadistic
No categorical diagnosis
.57**
Sado-masochistic
.59**
.62**
Masochistic
Depressive
.56**
.81**
Hypomaniac
.44**
Somatizing
.53**
.79**
Dependent
.55**
.69**
Passive-aggressive
.47**
Counter-dependent
Phobic
Counter-phobic
.58**
.41**
Anxious
Obsessive-compulsive
.46**
.60**
Histrionic
.72**
.84**
Dissociative
132

133. Hypotheses Norms for PDP and PDC
Concurrent validity between PDP and PDC
How PDM Dx inform about boundaries and countertransference issues
How theoretical orientation affects value of various taxa (PO, PD, MF, Symptoms, Context)
Which PD are commonly found at which level of PO.

134.   1. Level of Personality Structure   Please rate each capacity from 1 to 10; ratings range from Most Disturbed (1) to Most Healthy (10).     1. Identity: ability to view self in complex, stable, and accurate ways Object Relations: ability to maintain intimate, stable, and satisfying relationships Affect Tolerance: ability to experience the full range of age-expected affects 4. Affect Regulation: ability to regulate impulses and affects with flexibility in using defenses or coping strategies Superego Integration: ability to use a consistent and mature moral sensibility Reality Testing: ability to appreciate conventional notions of what is realistic Ego Resilience: ability to respond to stress resourcefully and to recover from painful events without undue difficulty    

135.   1. Level of Personality Structure- Rating   Healthy Personality- characterized by 9-10 scores, life problems never get out of hand and enough flexibility to accommodate to challenging realities. Neurotic Level- characterized by mainly 6-8 scores, rigidity and limited range of defenses and coping mechanisms, basically a good sense of identity, healthy intimacies, good reality testing, fair resiliency, fair affect tolerance and regulation, favors repression. Borderline Level- characterized by mainly 3-5 scores, recurrent relational problems, difficulty with affect tolerance and regulation, poor impulse control, poor sense of identity, poor resiliency, favors primitive defenses such as denial, splitting and projective identification. Psychotic Level- characterized by mainly 1-2 scores, delusional thinking, sometimes hallucinations, poor reality testing and mood regulation, extreme difficulty functioning in work and relationships.   Overall Personality Structure Based on the 7 ratings above, rate person’s overall personality structure from 1 (Psychotic) to 10 (Healthy)

136. 2. Personality Patterns or Disorders- Scoring
Review the P axis in the PDM for the personality patterns most descriptive of your client (use the PDP).
Begin by checking off as many descriptors that apply. Then decide on the most dominant personality patterns or disorders, and the level of severity (1-10).

137. Psychopathic (antisocial); Subtypes - passive/parasitic or aggressive
PDM Categories:
Schizoid
Paranoid
Psychopathic (antisocial); Subtypes - passive/parasitic or aggressive
Narcissistic; Subtypes - arrogant/entitled or depressed/depleted;
Sadistic (and intermediate manifestation, sadomasochistic)
Masochistic (self-defeating); Subtypes - moral masochistic or relational masochistic
Depressive; Subtypes - introjective or anaclitic; Converse manifestation - hypomanic
Somatizing
Dependent (and passive-aggressive versions of dependent); Converse manifestation - counterdependent
Phobic (avoidant); Converse manifestation - counterphobic
Anxious
Obsessive-compulsive; Subtypes - obsessive or compulsive
Hysterical (histrionic); Subtypes - inhibited or demonstrative/ flamboyant
Dissociative
Mixed/other
Rate: Dominate Personality Disorder or Maladaptive Traits & Overall Severity of Impairment

138. 3. Mental Functioning
1. Capacity for Attention, Memory, Learning, and Intelligence
2. Capacity for Relationships and Intimacy (including depth, range, and consistency)
3. Quality of Internal Experience (level of confidence and self-regard)
4. Affective Comprehension, Expression, and Communication
5. Level of Defensive or Coping Patterns
1-2: Psychotic level (e.g., delusional projection, psychotic denial, psychotic distortion)
3-5: Borderline level (e.g., splitting, projective identification, idealization/devaluation, denial, acting out)
6-8: Neurotic level (e.g., repression, reaction formation, rationalization, displacement, undoing)
9-10: Healthy level (e.g., anticipation, sublimation, altruism, and humor)
6. Capacity to Form Internal Representations (sense of self and others are realistic and guiding)
7. Capacity for Differentiation and Integration (self, others, time, internal experiences and
external reality are all well distinguished)
8. Self-Observing Capacity (psychological mindedness)
9. Realistic sense of Morality

139. 4. ICD or DSM SYMPTOMS
Symptoms are considered in the context of: 1. level of personality structure, 2. personality pattern or disorder 3. mental functioning. Here you may use the symptoms that may be the focus of the chief complaint and necessary for third party reimbursement.

140. 5. Cultural, Contextual, and Other Relevant Considerations
This is a qualitative section where the practitioner may write how cultural or contextual factors contribute to symptoms.

141. “Psychodiagnostic Chart”
For Free Copies:
For copies of the PDP and PDC, search for:
“Psychodiagnostic Chart”

142. Forensic Issues Diagnoses are a guides if useful to the question
Diagnoses in Custody Cases
Diagnoses in Criminal Cases
Diagnoses in Personal Injury Cases

143. Figure 1: Mean T scores and standard deviations of parents' MMPI-2s from 158 court ordered child custody evaluations. T50 is an average score and T65 is high and clinically significant. L+K-F indicates splitting defenses and the Goldberg Index (L+Pa+Sc)-(Hy+Pt) indicates a borderline level of functioning and the favoring of primitive defenses such a projective identification. Parents who alienate their children from the other parent project their bad self onto the other parent and then treat that parent accordingly.

144. Take Home Message: Diagnoses are to help you understand a person’s problems. The law requires an ICD code.
In addition use whatever system is most helpful to you in understanding and helping the client/patient