1. EARLY AMERICA NOTES

2. EARLY AMERICA NOTES Table of Contents Part 1 – Basics of Government
Part 2 – Philosophers
Part 3 – England’s Government
Part 4 – Colonial America
Part 5 – American Revolution
Part 6 – Articles of Confederation
Part 7 – Constitutional Convention
Part 8 – Compromises at the
Convention
Part 9 – End of the Convention
Part 10 – Parts of the Constitution

3. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
There are 195 countries in the world today, each with their own Government.
Governments are created to maintain safety and protect the rights of citizens.

4. A Citizen has all their rights in the government.
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
All Governments have power to rule, people to rule and land to rule over.
A Citizen has all their rights in the government.
A Subject does not have all their rights but may get them.

5. This Branch of Government Enforces and Carries out the laws?
CLASS
This Branch of Government Enforces and Carries out the laws?
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
None of these
B) Executive

6. 1. Basics of Government Democracy means to “rule by the people”.
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
Democracy means to “rule by the people”.
Two types of democracies –
1) Direct Democracy – citizens vote directly on issues.
2) Representative Democracy – citizens choose representatives in the government to act in their behalf.

7. DEMOCRACY

8. *a higher law Ex… Constitution *members are elected by the citizens.
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
Types of Government
The most common type of government is a Republic. (80% of all governments)
A Republic has:
*a higher law Ex… Constitution
*members are elected by the citizens.
*laws are made through the citizens.

9. 11 This Type of Democracy works best in smaller numbers. Direct
Representative
Constitutional
Republican
A) Direct

10. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
Democratic Republic a republic in which all citizens can participate in the government.
Ex…United States
In an Aristocratic Republic only certain citizens participate in the government.
Ex… Greeks, Romans, Iran

11. 1. Basics of Government EARLY AMERICA NOTES
Monarchy is a type of government where the head of family line holds and maintains power.
A Constitutional Monarchy is a government that has a family line that power is limited by a higher law or Constitution.
The United Kingdom today is a Constitutional Monarchy.
An Absolute Monarchy is when a Monarch has absolute power to rule.

12. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
A Dictatorship is a form of a government where one person seizes control of a government and maintains power through the use of the military.
A Totalitarian government is a form of government where a group has total control of all aspects of citizens lives, using the military to maintain power.

13. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
A Theocracy is a form of a government controlled by religious leaders, claiming power from a higher source.
Ex… Iran

14. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government

22. 2. Philosophers EARLY AMERICA NOTES
John Locke ( ), English philosopher. Locke wrote that governments should have limits on their power and protect citizens natural rights the basic rights that people are born with like life, liberty, and property.
Locke said if a government misuses its power, people have the right to overthrow it, this is called his Theory of Revolution.

23. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
JOHN LOCKE

24. 2. Philosophers EARLY AMERICA NOTES
Baron de Montesquieu ( ), French philosopher. Montesquieu had ideas on how a Republican form of government should work.
He wrote about Branches of Government, Separation of Powers, and Checks and Balances.

25. CLASS
What are the 3 Natural Rights that John Locke said everyone is born with?.
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Freedom of Speech, Press, and Religion
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
None of these
D) None of these

26. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 2. Philosophers
Branches of Government is when you divide power among different parts of the government.
Legislative Branch makes laws.
Executive Branch enforces laws.
Judicial Branch interprets laws.
Separation of Powers is having a government in which the power is divided equal among the branches with no one branch having all the power. 
Checks and Balances is a way for each branch to keep the other branches in line. By stopping the other branches from misusing their power.

27. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 3. England’s Government
The United Kingdom's government today is a Constitutional Monarchy. England's constitution (supreme law) is an "unwritten constitution". It includes the Magna Carta, Parliament, and Common Law.

28. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 3. England’s Government MAGNA CARTA
In 1215, King John signed the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta limited the powers of the monarchy. The Magna Carta
put limits on the kings power, including respecting the rights of citizens.

29. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
MAGNA CARTA

30. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
MAGNA CARTA

31. House of Lords and House of Commons
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
3. England’s Government
PARLIAMENT
Parliament is the lawmaking body in England created in Parliament is a bicameral legislature or two house lawmaking body.
House of Lords and House of Commons
Parliament was given power over the Monarchy in the English Bill of Rights of 1689

32. English Bill of Rights of 1689
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
English Bill of Rights of 1689

33. CLASS What Form of Government is second to the Republican form today?
Theocracy
Dictatorship
Monarchy
None of these
C) Monarchy

34. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 4. Colonial America
The Jamestown Colony (Virginia) was founded in 1607; it became the first permanent European settlement. In 1619 the colony created a bicameral legislature based on Parliament.
The House of Burgesses became the first elected lawmaking body in the colonies.

35. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
4. Colonial America

36. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 4. Colonial America
In 1620, the Mayflower Compact was written. The Mayflower Compact was a Social Contract created by the Pilgrims, an agreement between people and their government

37. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
MAYFLOWER COMPACT

38. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 4. Colonial America
Between the 1600's to the 1750's the colonies began to rule themselves and make their own laws. The colonies were using a simple form of Branches of Government.
With the end of the French and Indian War ( ). Parliament began to pay more attention to the colonies by passing laws limiting expansion, limiting trading partners, forced colonist to house British soldiers (Quartering) and placed taxes on goods.
Ex… Navigation Act, Sugar Act, Tea Act
Stamp Act (1765) required a stamp or tax on legal documents.

39. 22 What religious people wrote the Mayflower Compact in 1620? Puritans
Pilgrims
Quakers
Amish
B) Pilgrims

40. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 4. Colonial America
Patrick Henry spoke against the British in a famous speech about the idea of “No Taxation without Representation” (1765)
No taxes without a fair representation in Parliament.
Historical events such as the Boston Massacre (1770), Boston Tea Party (1773), and the Intolerable Acts (1774) demonstrated the tension between the colonies and the British.

41. CAUSES OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
CAUSES OF AMERICAN REVOLUTION

42. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 5. American Revolution
April 19, 1775, American Revolution begins at Lexington and Concord.
In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress began meeting in Philadelphia.
The Congress selected George Washington as leader of the Continental Army. The Second Continental Congress will help to maintain a loose structure of government during the American Revolution.

43. Class
This group helped to temporarily maintain a structure of government during most of the American Revolution?
Parliament
United States Congress
Second Continental Congress
Articles of Confederation
B) Second Continental Congress

44. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
AMERICAN REVOLUTION

45. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
5. American Revolution
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
In June 1776, a committee wrote a document declaring our independence and the reasons behind the colonist desire for freedom from Great Britain.
The main writer was Thomas Jefferson "Father of the Declaration of Independence".
On July 4, 1776 the final draft was approved.

46. Seat 7
How old was Thomas Jefferson at the time of the Declaration of Independence?
25 years old
34 years old
45 years old
81 years old
B) 34 years old

47. Class
What English Philosophers ideas do you see in the Declaration of Independence, he discussed Natural Rights and the Theory of Revolution?
John Locke
Montesquieu
Newton
None of these
A) John Locke

48. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

49. 6. Articles of Confederation
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
6. Articles of Confederation
After the D of I, the writing the Articles of Confederation started, finishing on November 15, 1777.
The Articles of Confederation were approved by the states on March 1, It became our first national constitutional government of the United States of America.
The Articles created a loose association of the 13 states under one government.
John Dickinson of Pennsylvania created the original draft of the Articles of Confederation. 49

50. Articles of Confederation
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
Articles of Confederation

51. Articles of Confederation

52. Class-Comfort Level
How well do you understand the Articles of Confederation?
Totally Understand
Pretty Good
Kinda
Not at all – Help!!!!!

53. 6. Articles of Confederation
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
6. Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation had one branch government, a Legislative Branch, it was a unicameral (1 house) lawmaking body.
The Articles contained many weaknesses :
* The Federal Government was weak - the
States had all the power. (Federalism)
* No power to tax.
* No power to enforce trade between
states. (Interstate) 53

54. 6. Articles of Confederation
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
6. Articles of Confederation
In September 1786, a meeting was suggested to be held in May 1787, to fix the Articles.
SHAYS REBELLION
Massachusetts raised taxes, many farmers could not pay and were losing their farms. Daniel Shays, organized farmers to protest. From August 1786 to February 1787, Shays and his rebels destroyed legal records and court houses. The rebellion was eventually put down. Shays Rebellion proved once and for all the need for a stronger federal government. 54

55. SHAYS REBELLION

56. 7. Constitutional Convention
                                
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
7. Constitutional Convention
May 14th, 1787 was the scheduled starting date.
The convention actually began on May 25th, 1787 when a quorum arrived. A quorum is a necessary number of people for an official meeting.
The Convention met in Philadelphia's Independence Hall.
74 delegates were selected. Rhode Island did not participate.
55 delegates actually attended. 56

57. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION 57

58. 7. Constitutional Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
7. Constitutional Convention
FAMOUS AMERICANS
George Washington was elected unanimously to preside (lead) over the meeting.
James Madison "Father of Constitution”.
When everyone votes the same. 58

59. 7. Constitutional Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
7. Constitutional Convention
FAMOUS AMERICANS
Ben Franklin oldest delegate at 81.
Jonathan Dayton youngest delegate at 26.
Gouverneur Morris responsible for the Preamble and much of the wording of the Constitution.
Jacob Shallus is known as the "Penman of the Constitution", he actually wrote the final draft.
Thomas Jefferson was an ambassador to France.
John Adams was an ambassador to Great Britain.
Someone who represents a country in another country 59

60. From left to right: (Front Row) Edmund Randolph, Nathaniel Gorham, John Dickinson, John Rutledge, James Wilson, Oliver Ellsworth, Charles Pinckney, James Madison, Elbridge Gerry, William Samuel Johnson, George Mason, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, Rufus King, William Paterson, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Gouverneur Morris, Alexander Hamilton, George Read. (Back Row) William R. Davie, John Langdon, Luther Martin, Roger Sherman, Gunning Bedford, Jr., and Abraham Baldwin.

61. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
Compromise means give and take in order to reach an agreement.
Federalism
Federalists (strong Federal Government) and the Anti-Federalists (strong State Government) disagreed over how much power to give each level.
The U.S. Constitution gives the Federal government power (delegated) over the State governments. States were given certain powers (reserved) and share certain powers with the Federal Government.
Different levels of Government 61

62. CLASS
Who is credited with hand writing the final draft of the Constitution?
James Madison
Ben Franklin
Gouverneur Morris
Jacob Shallus
D) Jacob Shallus

63. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
How to structure the Congress and how representation in it would be determined lead to a major compromise. The two major plans were the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan, out of these plans came the Great Compromise.
ESSAY QUESTION 63

64. STATES Estimated Population 1790 In 1787 Census Virginia 1 420,000
Estimated Population
1790
In 1787
Census
Virginia 1
420,000
442,117
Massachusetts 2
360,000
373,324
Pennsylvania
424,099
New York 4
233,000
314,142
Maryland 5
218,000
208,649
Connecticut 6
202,000
232,374
North Carolina 7
200,000
288,204
South Carolina 8
150,000
140,178
New Jersey 9
138,000
169,954
New Hampshire 10
102,000
141,097
Georgia 11
90,000
52,886
Rhode Island 12
58,000
64,470
Delaware 13
37,000
46,310

65. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
The Virginia Plan was written by James Madison but proposed in the convention by Edmund Randolph. The Virginia Plan or large state plan would favor the larger states in population by creating a bicameral legislature with both house based
on or proportional in population. 65

66. Seat 18
This group believed more power should be given to the States governments than the Federal Government.
Federalist
Democrats
Anti - Federalist
Republicans
C) Anti - Federalist

67. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
The New Jersey Plan was suggested by William Paterson.
The New Jersey Plan or small state plan was the smaller states attempt to maintain the power they had under the Articles. The Plan would have created a unicameral legislature. Representation in Congress would have been equal. 67

68. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS
The Great Compromise suggested by Roger Sherman of Connecticut put parts of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans together and created our U.S. Congress. Congress is a bicameral legislature.
The Senate is the upper house, it would have equal representation with two Senators per each state.
The House of Representatives lower house, representation would be based on a states population. The larger a states population the more Representatives it would have. 68

69. Class-Comfort Level
How well do you understand the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan and the Great Compormise?
Totally Understand
Pretty Good
Kinda
Not at all – Help!!!!!

70. 8. Compromises at the Convention
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8. Compromises at the Convention
PRESIDENT
The compromise over the powers to give the President included:
* A strong Executive Branch with many powers and limits. Checks and Balances
* The President would be elected by the Electoral College, changed and improved by the 12th Amendment (1804).
* Serving a term of 4 years, with no term limits. Changed by the 22nd Amendment (1951) which placed a two term limit on President. 70

71. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
9. End of the Convention
At the end of the Convention many were concerned it lacked a Bill of Rights. Some did not sign the Constitution over this issue.
The Bill of Rights (1st Ten Amendments) was ratified (approved) on Dec 15, 1791. 71

72. OPEN Explain the Great Compromise and what did it do .
The Great Compromise put together key parts of the New Jersey and Virginia Plan. It created our Congress into a Bicameral Legislature with the Senate having equal representation or 2 Senators per state and House of Reps based on population.

73. SIGNING OF THE CONSTITUTION
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
9. End of the Convention
SIGNING OF THE CONSTITUTION
The Constitution was signed on September 17, 1787.
39 of the 55 delegates signed the Constitution.
The Constitution was then sent to the states to be ratified. 73

74. EARLY AMERICA NOTES
9. End of the Convention
The Constitution must be approved or ratified by 9 out of the 13 states before it would go into effect. (Article 7)
The struggle for ratification was not easy. 74

75. End of the Convention

76. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 9. End of the Convention
Delaware was the 1st state to ratify on
Dec 7, 1787.
New Hampshire was the 9th state on June 21, This is the historical day the U.S. Constitution went into effect.
George Washington was elected President and sworn in April 30th, (NY) 76

77. 10. Parts of the Constitution
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
10. Parts of the Constitution
The three parts of the Constitution are the Preamble, Articles, and Amendments.
The Preamble is the introduction to the Constitution. The Preamble states the purpose of our country and the ideas we stand for.
Domestic Tranquility means peace within our country.
Posterity means for future generations.
“We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America”. 77

78. Seat 2 What was the First State to Ratify the U.S. Constitution?
New York
New Hampshire
Virginia
None of these D)

79. The United States Constitution

80. EARLY AMERICA NOTES 10. Parts of the Constitution
The Articles describe how our government is structured and details how it will work.
The Constitution is broken up into 7 Articles.
Articles are broken up into sections
Sections are broken up into clauses.
Articles 1, 2, and 3 discuss the 3 branches of government.
Article 1 Legislative Branch
Article 2 Executive Branch
Article 3 Judicial Branch 80

81. 10. Parts of the Constitution
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
10. Parts of the Constitution
The third part of the Constitution are the 27 Amendments.
Amendments are additions or changes to the Constitution.
James Madison wrote the Bill of Rights, 12 Amendments were written 10 were ratified. Dec 15, 1791
Madison is called the
“Father of the Bill of Rights”. 81

82. THE END

83. THE END

84. CONSTITUTION

85. 8.RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION-continued
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
8.RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION-continued
THE FEDERALIST PAPERS
The Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay included 85 essays to help convince the states to approve the Constitution. 85

86. CAPITALISM 1. Basics of Government EARLY AMERICA NOTES
All governments use some type of economy. Most economies are a mixture of different types.
CAPITALISM
Under a Capitalist economy the means of production are controlled by private business with little government control. Prices of goods and services depend on a free market economy of “supply and demand”. Capitalism leads to more technological and scientific advances.
Examples… United States, Japan

87. Supply and Demand

88. SOCIALISM 1. Basics of Government
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
SOCIALISM
The government controls major businesses (electricity, transportation, healthcare). Citizens pay higher taxes, because the government provides many services. Socialist believe that the wealth of a nation should be spread out among the rich and poor. Examples… Canada, United Kingdom

89. COMMUNISM 1. Basics of Government
EARLY AMERICA NOTES
1. Basics of Government
COMMUNISM
The government controls all types of business. In theory under a communist form of economy, all citizens have everything provided for them. However, the government controls or limits what citizens will have. Little to no technological advances. Pure Communism has never been achieved.
Examples… Former Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Venezuela, North Korea

90. Communism

91. Historical Documents Declaration of Independence
Turn to page 38 of the Civics Book
Read the First Paragraph

92. Seat 18
What would you say is the purpose of this introductory paragraph to the Declaration of Independence?
Desire for Freedom, reasons why we wanted to be Free and Independent, to outline the specific complaints.

93. Historical Documents Declaration of Independence
Continue on page 38 of the Civics Book
Read the Second Paragraph to the phrase “their Safety and Happiness.

94. CLASS
What are the 3 Natural Rights that John Locke said everyone is born with?
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness
Freedom of Speech, Press, and Religion
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial
None of these
D) None of these

95. Seat 13
John Locke said if a government misuses or abuses its power the people have the right to overthrow by force if necessary, he called this?
Principles of Freedom
Bill of Rights
Three Branches of Government
Theory of Revolution
D) Theory of Revolution

96. Class
The 3rd Part of the Declaration of Independence blames who for all the problems in the colonies?
King John
Prince Charles
Queen Elizabeth II
King George III
D) King George III