2. The aim / learning outcome of this module is to provide an overview on the range of technologies that are available for the treatment of mixed waste streams and a brief understanding of the factors which influence the deliverability and operation of different alternative waste treatment technologies (AWTs). What are AWT’s and their role in a strategic framework The impact of collection strategies on AWT feedstock Factors influencing the deliverability of AWT Clear strategy in procuring an AWT

4. What does the definition include? Track record Europe, America and Japan - Successful operational experience and knowledge principally within Europe, America and Japan, but examples across the globe. Australia / New Zealand - Mixed performance, recent focus primarily on organics What do they do ? Mechanical Sorting / Separation / Pre-treatment Biological Processes Physiochemical Processes Thermal Processes No ‘one stop’ solution suitable for all Lack of information makes it difficult to compare fairly

5. 100% kerbside recycling? - At what cost? We will always have residual (general mixed) waste We will always have a need for landfill Challenge is to: Understand how much residual waste Understand what the residual waste consists of Design and implement appropriate technology to manage the waste in a manner which meets the local and regional strategic objectives in accordance with the waste hierarchy Have a common understanding on what the process will and won’t do and manage expectations accordingly.

6. Biological Technologies: Composting (in-vessel) Anaerobic digestion) Mechanical and Biological treatment (MBT) Sort first / bio-treat second Bio-treat first / sort second (bio drying) Mechanical Heat Treatment (MHT) / Autoclaving Advanced Thermal Treatment (ATT) Gasification Pyrolysis Plasma gasification Mass burn incineration (energy from waste) Grate combustion Fluidized bed combustion

7. AWT

8. AWT - Not the answer, but part of an integrated solution....... AWT Avoid Minimise Recycle

11. Aerobic Digestion - in the presence of “air” Anaerobic Digestion- in the absence of “air” Windrow In Vessel Composting Biodrying

12. Composting is the microbial decomposition of organic material in the presence of oxygen to produce compost. There are two main types of composting: Open windrow is most commonly used in Australia for green garden waste In-vessel composting is common in Europe and increasingly being taken up in Australia for green garden and food waste

13. Anaerobic digestion is the microbial decomposition of organic matter into biogas (approximately 60% methane and 40% carbon dioxide) and digestate (solid or liquid) in an oxygen depleted environment. Two main types: Wet (>80% moisture) and Dry (50 to 80% moisture) Typical waste feedstock include source segregated organics from household and commercial premises, biosolids, manure and farm slurries and purpose grown crops.

14. Mechanical Biological Treatment is a generic term for an integration of several processes and technologies commonly found in different waste management facilities such as MRFs and biological treatment facilities. Using mechanical and biological processes to separate / prepare mixed waste into usable fractions and / or render it more ‘stable’ for deposit into landfill. They commonly use composting or anaerobic digestion for treatment of mixed general waste to separate / prepare this into usable fractions and / or render it more ‘stable’ for deposit into landfill.

15. Inputs Mixed Waste Issues Not an end process in its own right Outputs need a market Bio-drying process does not necessarily stabilise material Benefits Can maximise recycling Relatively proven European track record Treatment of waste with “no stack” Outputs Recyclables CLO RDF

16. Mechanical Heat Treatment is use of steam based thermal treatment, with or without pressure, in conjunction with mechanical processing for clinical and mixed general waste. There are two main types of facility that use mechanical heat treatment: Autoclaving – a batch steam processing in a metal vessel under the action of pressure Rotary kiln - continuous heat treatment in a rotating vessel, not under pressure

17. Inputs Mixed Waste Input Issues Energy intensive Need output for biodegradable fraction. Benefits Relatively lower capital cost Simple technology Cleans metals and glass inputs Sanitises waste (pressure cooking) Separation of waste easier after processing Outputs Clean Dry Recyclables Fibre Flock

18. Advanced Thermal Treatment (ATT) is an umbrella term that is used to categorise waste treatment technologies that utilise thermal processes to treat mixed general waste that are different to incineration. Primarily those that employ pyrolysis and/or gasification to process mixed general waste and also exclude full combustion thermal processes (i.e. incineration).

19. Gasification Thermal and chemical conversion of carbon based material within mixed general waste into mainly gaseous outputs. Temperatures are in the range of 800-1100°C with air as the gasification agent and up to about 1500°C with oxygen. Overall gasification processes are exothermal, i.e. producing heat Pyrolysis The thermal degradation of organic materials within mixed general waste MSW in absence of oxygen. Temperatures are typically around 300-800°C. Overall the process is endothermic, i.e., energy is required for the pyrolysis process to proceed.

21. Inputs Prefers single / pre- treated waste streams Issues A variety of operational risks due to history Differentiation from incineration “true” gasification and “staged” gasification Not all systems have energy efficiency benefits over incineration High capital cost Benefits Produces renewable energy in the form of syngas Reduces waste volume, destroys BMW Potential benefits of small scale or integrated facilities Smaller scale than mass burn (niche applications) Potential for smaller Air Pollution Control equipment Outputs Gas (Syngas) Oil and tar Ash and Metals

22. Incineration involves combustion of mixed general, clinical and hazardous waste with sufficient quantities of air in temperatures often in excess of 850°C. The main types are: Fixed grate Moving grate Fluidised bed Rotary kiln

23. Inputs Mixed or Single Waste Input Issues Poor public perception Potentially large land take Capital intensive Commercially viable approx. 100k tpa + Benefits Proven technology with long track record Reduces waste volumes Established markets for outputs Outputs Heat used to produce electricity (and/or a local user) Bottom ash can be recycled (20 – 30%) Metals for recycling (3 -5 %) Air pollution control residues (4 - 7%)

26. Perceptions Meeting expectations and risk transfer Assessing commercial deliverability Affordability

27. What goes in.... must come out! – poor quality input leads to poor quality output

28. Strengths X Opportunities X Weakness X Threats X

29. Different composition Different materials which can be recycled / composted Materials which can’t be recycled or composted Energy Value Gross Calorific Value (GCV) Moisture Content Net Calorific Value (NCV) Ash generation potential Proportion of Biomass

30. Waste Collection Schemes Alternative Waste Treatment Technology Waste Material

31. Naughts and Crosses

32. Waste Collection Schemes Alternative Waste Treatment Technology Waste Collection Schemes

33. Scheme Design Materials Targeted PresentationSeparation EfficiencyContamination Waste Generated DemographicsComposition Area Characteristics

34. Alternative Waste Treatment Technology ? ? ?? ?? ? ?

37. Refuse Organic Self Haul Recycling

38. Biological Treatment IVCADWindrow AWT Landfill ATTMHTMBT EFW Power Product Recycling General Waste Organic MRFBulking Sort and Transfer

39. Refuse Recycling Bring Sites 8.1% Newspapers 7.9% Glass bottles and Jars 3.4% Drink and Food Cans Organic

40. Change number of households offered a service Change number of households who use the service Change how often they use the service Change what materials are targeted Change how effectively the material is captured i.e. placed in the correct container

41. = 3 / 5 = 60% Set Out Rate Wk 3 Refuse = 4 / 5 = 80% Participation Rate = 2 / 5 = 40% Set Out RateWk 1 = 2 / 5 = 40% Set Out Rate Wk 2 Recycling

42. 20 155 25% Capture Rate = Total 10 55 50% Recognition Rate 0% Recognition Rate 10 55 50% Recognition Rate 0% Recognition Rate 10 30 155 17% Diversion Rate = Total 10

43. There is material remaining in the General Waste container

44. Assumption: No kerbside recyclables collection system in place, 200,000 tpa of household general waste generated; Question: If ‘you’ introduced a kerbside recycling scheme in your council area, approximately how many tonnes of residual waste would you have left to treat in an mixed waste AWT facility?

45. Primary Material Category Primary Composition Secondary Material Category Secondary Composition Paper14.4% Newspaper and Magazines6.7% Other Recyclable Paper4.8% Non-Recyclable Paper2.9% Plastic5.9% Plastic Bottles2.6% Plastic Packaging2.6% Other Plastic0.7% Glass10.2% Glass Packaging9.6% Other Glass0.6%

46. Coverage (90%) Participation (70%) Recognition (60%) X X Material Available (Composition 5%) Waste Generation100,000 tonnes 5,000 tonnes 4,500 tonnes 3,150 tonnes 1,890 tonnes

47. Assumption: No kerbside recyclables collection system in place, 200,000 tpa of household general waste generated; Question: - If ‘you’ introduced a kerbside recycling scheme in your council area, approximately how many tonnes of residual waste would you have left to treat in an mixed waste AWT facility? Now Assume 50,000 available in composition Coverage of 90% Participation 70% Recognition 60% –Change recognition ? –Change participation ?

49. Define What Your Strategic Priorities Are Develop Evaluation Criteria Develop Procurement Strategy Develop Weightings Validate Weighting and Evaluation Criteria Commence Procurement Process Obtain Pre-Procurement Information

50. Reduce the mass and volume of waste? Produce an end product: Quality Compost ? Recyclables ? High end value recyclables ? Pre-treat the waste to produce a feedstock for another process? RDF ? SRF ? Generate and export power or heat? Electricity? Heat / Steam ? Biogas ? Synagas ? Stabilise the waste prior to disposal to landfill? Maximise the life of landfill assets?

51. Understand data available (waste flows, composition, performance, population / household growth Political landscape and sensitivities Understand / Map out stakeholders Determine Contract Specification Input (sets service requirements) Output (sets performance standards) Understand and plan programme Procurement Plan

52. Scope and duration Contract type (O,DBO, DBFO, DBFOM) Funding Provision of Facilities / staffing Partnering Market appetite Planning, sites and approvals

53. In most cases, a car will get you from A to B Lots of different cars out there If entering a car yard, what do you tell the salesman are the key things you want….. Key Questions? What is important to you? e.g. Speed, colour, number of seats, fuel efficiency, age, reliability, appearance, reputation of manufacturer, cost Are any of these more important? If so, which are more important and by how much? Are any of these show stoppers? i.e. you have 3 kids therefore a 2 seater car is not possible Can you group some of these together?

54. Tier 1 is the main grouping Tier 2 is the categories within the grouping Performance Fuel efficiency Speed Emissions Cost Deprecation Cost to buy Cost to maintain

55. – Performance20% – Fuel efficiency 30% – Speed 50% – Emissions 20% 100% – Cost 50% – Deprecation20% – Cost to buy 60% – Cost to maintain 20% 100% – Track record 30% – Reliability 50% – Reputation of manufacturer50% 100%

56. Sales man will be unhappy if he has invested ½ day showing you 2 seater cars if you have 3 kids Cars which are not within your budget Providing a test drive for cars you “know you don’t want” that don’t meet your criteria. A salesman will be more attracted to a customer who has a clear idea of what the car needs to do than a customer who is asking the salesman to pick a car for them You may be having the car serviced at the garage; therefore you want to start on a “good relationship”. You are unlikely to take the car with you i.e. needs financing, engine checks, certificates etc.

57. Important to have a clear, robust evaluation criteria to communicate to the market “what you want” Changing criteria through the process “could” result in a challenge i.e. people invested a lot of time and money A well thought through criteria allows you to “direct” solutions you want and filter out those you don’t want Need to be VERY aware of incorrect criteria weightings which can result in the wrong solution being selected