1. OBJ 5

2. Series Circuits
Series circuits are the type of circuits that most Christams tree lights have. If one bulb goes out, all the bulbs go out.

3. Parallel Circuits
Parallel circuits are the type of circuits that are used in houses. If one bulb goes out…..(your tv goes out), all the other things……refrigerator, lights, and radio can still work.

4. Open circuit
An open circuits is when the electricity can not flow (since it needs to go all the way around in a circle to flow)
Open circuits = nothing works (light bulb is off)

5. Closed circuits
Closed circuits is circuits where the electricity is flowing……..no gap……electricity can go all the way around in a circle.
Closed circuits = Everything works (light bulb is on)

6. Repel Repel means to pull away.
Charges that repel from each other…..pull away from each other.
(Like charges) Looks the same…….repel (pull away from each other)

7. Attract
Attract means to be pulled together…….charges that attract other charges are pulled together…
Opposites attract

8. Conductors
Conductors let electricity flow …..(can hurt you)…..the metal that electricity flows through.
Be careful not to get shocked.

9. Insulators
Insulators do not allow electricity to flow……..(helps protect you)…..the plastic around a cord.

10. Reflection
Reflection is the change in direction of a wave front at an interface between two different media so that the wave front returns into the medium from which it originated

11. Refraction
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed like when a wave passes from one medium to another.

12. Interference
Interference is the addition (superposition) of two or more waves that result in a new wave pattern.

13. Constructive Interference
Constructive interference is when the troughs and peaks of 2 waves line up to make a bigger wave.

14. Destructive Interference
Destructive interference is when the trough of one wave lines up with the crest of another wave.
Generally there is no or little sound when this happens.

15. Wave Applications Microwaves are used for cooking and heating food.
Infrared waves are used in heat lamps.
Ultraviolet waves cause sunburn/skin cancer
X-rays are used for medical diagnoses
Gamma Rays are used in nuclear explosions.

16. Electromagnetic Spectrum
The electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. The electromagnetic spectrum of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation from that object.

17. Radio Waves
Radio waves are located at one end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Located near microwaves and has the longest wavelengths.

18. Law of Conservation of Energy
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy can’t be created nor destroyed….only changed from one form to another.

19. Node
A node is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude. This has implications in several fields. For instance, in a guitar string, the ends of the string are nodes.
Antinode = opposite of node

20. Harmonics
The harmonic of a wave is a component frequency of the signal that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency. For example, if the frequency is f, the harmonics have frequency 2f, 3f, 4f, etc, as well as f itself

21. Speed of the wave
As the frequency of an electromagnetic wave increases, the speed of the wave stays the same.

22. Energy A photon is the particle that carries radiant energy.
The amount of energy a photon carries is determined by its frequency.
It travels (in a vacuum) at the speed of light

23. Gamma Rays/X-rays
The most energetic electromagnetic waves are Gamma rays and X-rays.

24. Ultraviolet Light
The frequencies of ultraviolet light are slightly higher than visible light.
Your body needs ultraviolet waves to make vitamin D. (helps build bones)

25. Microwaves Microwaves are used for cooking.
Television satellites use microwaves to transmit.

26. Infrared Waves
Infrared waves produce thermal energy

27. FM vs. AM
FM frequencies tend to be clearer than AM frequencies because the strength of the signal stays the same.
TV signals are in the FM range.

28. Hearing Damage
A sound intensity above 120 dB may cause permanent hearing damage

29. Reverberation
Scientists and engineers may recommend carpets and draperies for the walls of a concert hall to reduce excess reverberation.

30. Radar
Radio waves travel at the speed of light (186,000 miles per second or 300,000,000 meters per second)
Police use radio waves in a method called radar to detect speeders.
Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range, altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed.

31. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
- To every force or action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B also exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.
The cannon has a backward kick when it is fired.."

32. Newton’s Second Law of Motion - "
F = ma:
the net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by its acceleration.
You bunt – the ball doesn’t go far. You swing hard (more force), the object accelerates faster.

33. Friction
Friction- when 2 objects rub together. It generates heat. Example (rub your hands together)

34. Microwelds
Microwelds – the forces you need to overcome to get something moving.

35. Static friction
Static friction - Static friction is a force between two objects that are not moving relative to each other.

36. Sliding Friction-
Sliding Friction- is when two objects are rubbing against each other. Putting a book flat on a desk and moving it around is an example of sliding friction.

37. Rolling Friction
Rolling friction- is the resistance that occurs when a round object such as a train rolling on a track or a ball rolling on a surface.

38. Air resistance
Air resistance – Like turbulence…….objects slowing down in the wind. Running into the wind.

39. Law of Gravitation
Law of Gravitation - states that any two objects exert a gravitational force of attraction on each other. The moon’s gravitational force causes tides.

40. Gravitational Acceleration (gravity constant)
9.8 m/s2 (If you get thrown out of a plane, you will accelerate to the eart at 9 m/s2)

41. Weight
Weight – Changes with gravity. It Is different on every planet.

42. Mass
Mass – Always remains the same. Triple Beam balance can measure mass.

43. Projectiles
Projectiles – Objects that are launched and fly through the air (bullets, missiles)

44. Centripetal Acceleration
– Acceleration toward the center of a curved or circular path.

45. Centripetal Force-
Centripetal Force- force directed towards the center of the circle for an object moving in a circular motion.

46. Newton’s 1st Law of Motion
–Objects in motion will stay in motion and objects at rest will stay at rest…unless a force acts on them. The ball will stay at rest (not move) unless the dog moves it.

47. Momentum Momentum = (mass)(velocity) P = (M)(V)
(The bus has a lot of mass so if it moving, the momentum will be large. If it is not moving then it has no momentum)

48. Law of Conservation of Momentum -
For a collision occurring between object 1 and object 2 in an isolated system, the total momentum of the two objects before the collision is equal to the total momentum of the two objects after the collision
MV = MV

49. Higher frequency = high sound = More waves = shorter wavelength
Low frequency = Low sound =Less waves= longer wavelength

50. Period of a Wave
The period is the duration of one cycle in a repeating event.
Frequency is a measure of the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time.

51. Vibrations
Sound is caused by vibrations
Sound requires a medium (does not happen in outer space since it is a vacuum.)
Sound will travel through water at 20 degrees Celsius slower than water at 80 degrees Celsius.

52. Energy
The amount of energy a wave has determines it’s amplitude.

53. Sound The unit used to measure sound intensity is the decibel.
Pitch is how high or low a sound seems to be.
When a person moves toward a sound, the compressions of the wave are pushed together.

54. Frequency
The frequency at which a string vibrates is its natural frequency
The frequencies of an instrument’s tone that are multiples of the fundamental frequency are overtones.

55. Instruments
Brass and wind instruments make sounds by vibrating a column of air.
Beats are produced by 2 sound with different frequencies

56. FM
FM broadcasting is a broadcast technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong
FM carrier wave frequencies vary from 88 Mhz to 108 Mhz
FM = Frequency Modulation

57. Radio
Each radio station broadcasts on one frequency called a carrier wave.
Information can be added to a radio carrier wave by frequency modulation and amplitude modulation.

58. Sound Violins, harps, and guitars produce sound by vibrating strings.
A flute player changes the length of a column of air by opening and closing holes which helps make each different sound.

59. Formulas

60. Formula Practice
The frequency is 30. What is the period of the wave.
1/30
The period is 10, what is the frequency of the wave?
1/10

61. Problem
If the velocity of the wave is 76 m/s and the frequency is 4. What is the wavelength?
76 = (4)( x)
76 = (4)(x) 4
19 = x

62. Problem
If the frequency is 4 Hz and the wavelength is 11 m. What is the velocity?
x = ( 4)(11) x = 44 m/s

63. Problem
If the velocity is 60 m/s and the wavelength is 15 m. What is the frequency?
60 = (x)(15) 15 4 = x

64. Non-Renewable
Non-renewable means it can not be replaced in a timely manner.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable as is nuclear energy.

65. Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels include petroleum, oil, natural gas, and coal.
Fossil fuels are formed from the buried remains of dead plants and animals.
It can takes millions of years to replace them.

66. Petroleum (Oil)
Petroleum is formed from the preserved remains of prehistoric zooplankton and algae which have been settled to the sea (or lake) bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions

67. Natural Gas
Natural gas is a gaseous fossil fuel consisting primarily of methane but including significant quantities of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane—

68. Coal Land plants tend to make coal.
It takes millions of years and a great deal of pressure to generally make coal.

69. Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is made when a nuclear reactor uses the energy from a controlled nuclear chain reaction (the rods) control the chain reaction since they absorb neutrons. It takes a lot of money to make and maintain nuclear power plants.

70. Nuclear Waste Nuclear Waste is an unwanted product of nuclear energy.
Do you want nuclear waste stored in your neighborhood? Why or why not?

71. Chernobyl There was a nuclear meltdown in Russia at Chernobyl.
People were badly contaminated, resulting in the evacuation and resettlement of over 336,000 people. Soviet authorities later forbade doctors to cite "radiation" on death certificates.[2]

72. Oil (Petroleum)

73. Coal

74. Nuclear Power

75. Natural Gas

76. Hydroelectricity

77. Geothermal

78. Wind energy

79. Solar

80. Tidal energy

81. Color
An object’s color depends on the wavelength of light it reflects.
Color = what wavelength of light the object reflects.
You see a red apple…..because it reflects red light back to your eyes……(also absorbs all other colors….)
You see red since red is reflected.

82. Black
You see black because objects absorb all colors and reflect either very small amount or nothing.

83. White
Objects that look white, look like that since they reflects back all the colors..
White light is made up of all the three primary colors of light.
White fence = reflects all the colors back.

84. Filters If your sunglasses have yellow lenses, things look yellow.
When the lenses are red, things look red.
Your sunglass lenses are filters .
Filters are transparent materials that transmit one or more colors of light but absorbs all others.
The color of a filter, is the color of the light that it transmits.

85. Rods Rods are 1 type of nerve cell that makes up a retina.
Rods are thinner than cones.
Rods are sensitive to dim light.
Rods are located in the peripheral areas of a retina.
Rods are most useful for night vision.

86. Cones
One type of cell in the retina that allows you to distinguish colors and detailed shapes of objects.
Cones are very important in the daytime.
Cones are located near the center of the retina.

87. Color Blindness
It is a inherited sex-linked condition in which certain cones do not function properly.
About 8 % of men and about a half a percent of females, are color blind.
Usually people that are color blind can not distinguish reds and greens.

88. Pigment
A pigment is a colored materials that results from the different wavelengths of light that the pigment reflects.

89. Colors
The color of a pigment results from the different wavelengths of light that the pigment reflects.
The 3 primary colors of light is red, green, and blue.
When the 3 primary colors of light are mixed in equal amounts, they produce white.

90. Paint Pigments Paints are made with pigments.
Pigments usually are made from chemical compounds such as titanium oxide (bright white pigment), and lead chromate (bright yellow highway paint).
The three primary pigments are magenta (bluish red), cyan (greenish blue), and yellow.
A primary pigment’s color depends on the color of light it reflects.

91. Mixing pigments
The color of a mixture of two primary pigments is determined by the primary colors of light that both pigments reflect.
The three primary colors of pigment appear to be black when they are mixed.
Because black results from the absence of color, the primary pigments are called subtractive colors.

92. Extension Why do our pupils appear black?
Almost all the light that enters our eyes through the pupils is absorbed by the retina.
What is the difference between primary colors of light and primary colors of pigment?
Primary colors of light are red green and blue.
Primary colors of pigment are magenta. Cyan, and yellow.
Primary colors of light transmit the color you see, while primary colors of pigment, reflect the color you see.

93. Light
Objects can absorb light, reflect light, and allow light to pass through them.
The type of matter in an object determines the amount of light it absorbs, reflects, and transmits.

94. Opaque
Objects that are opaque only absorbs and reflects light – no light passes through it.
My walls are opaque as is this beehive.

95. Transparent
Translucent materials transmit almost all of the light that strikes them.

96. Translucent
Translucent objects allow some light to pass through them but you can not see through them perfectly.
Curtains and frosted glass are translucent.

97. Law of Reflection
The Law of Reflection states that whatever angle the light wave strikes a surface, the light wave will be reflected at that same angle.

98. Question
Why can you see your reflection on a smooth marble floor and not a brick building?

99. Answer
Rough surfaces like brick walls…..cause diffuse reflection which is when the uneven surface causes incoming parallel light waves to be reflected in many different directions.

100. Refraction
Refraction is caused by a change in the speed of the wave when it passes from one material (medium) to another.

101. Index of Refraction
Eyeglasses, binoculars, cameras, and microscopes use refraction.
A property of the material that indicates how much it reduces the speed of light (how much it makes the light bend).
If Index of Refraction is a big number, the more the light is slowed down…

102. Prisms
The triangular prism refracts the light twice (once when it enters and again when it leaves the prism.)
Because the longer wavelengths of light are refracted less than the shorter wavelengths, red light is bent the least and the colors seem to separate out.

103. Rainbows Rain drops also refract light just like prisms.
The refraction of the different wavelengths can cause white light from the sun to separate into different colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.)

104. Mirages
A mirage is an image of a distant object produced by the refraction of light through air layers of different densities.

105. First Class Lever EF is between fulcrum and RF Does not multiply force
Resistance moves farther than Effort.
Multiplies the distance the effort force travels

106. Second Class lever RF is between fulcrum and EF
Effort moves farther than Resistance.
Multiplies EF, but does not change its direction 

107. Third Class Lever Fulcrum is between EF and RF
Effort moves farther than Resistance.
Multiplies EF and changes its direction

108. HINT
Remember the letters FRE The first letter (for 1st class) is "F"  and "F" for Fulcrum in the middle
The second letter (for 2nd class) is "R" and Resistance is in the middle
The third letter (for 3rd class) is "E" and Effort is in the middle