2. Aztecs & Incas are best known for  Adaptation to geography  Aztecs – swamps/marshland  floating gardens for crops  Incas – Andes Mountains  terrace farming on mt. side, road system

3. The Ming Dynasty is best known for  Reinstating the civil service exam  Reinstated after Mongol rule ended (took gov’t jobs), Neo-Confucianism – importance of Confucian ideals

4. The Ottoman Empire is best known for  Expanded influence of Muslims & Islam  Took control of Byzantine Empire (major trading crossroad) & became Muslim capital, expanded across Asia & Africa, Suleiman the Magnificent united Ottomans

5. How did the Black Death led to the Renaissance? - Weakened church power - People moved to cities for work - End of feudalism How did the Crusades lead to the Renaissance? - Increased trade btwn East & West - Revival of learning (Muslim sci & math) - Exposure to Greco-Roman culture Define & describe the Renaissance - Time period 1400- 1600 Rebirth of learning in art, writing, philosophy The Renaissance

6. 1. City states 1. Developed b/c of trade 2. Merchants & the Medicis 1. Middle class grew b/c of trade, class based on ability 2. Wealthy art patrons 3. Greco-Roman Culture 1. Italy preserved culture & desire to learn

7. Vernacular common every day language, what books were printed in, increased literacy Secular Worldly, non-religious ideas Literacy Ability to read & write, increased b/c of vernacular books

8.  Renaissance  More books = cheaper books  Cheaper books = increased literacy  Increased literacy = know knowledgable, ideas spread quicker  Protestant Reformation  Helped spread ideas quicker Erasmus’ “Praise of Folly” & Martin Luther’s 95 Theses  Encouraged peopled to question the church

9. Problems w/ RC Church Uneducated clergy Selling of indulgences What reformers did Erasmus – wrote “Praise of Folly” calling for an end to church corruption Martin Luther- wrote 95 Theses to expose church corruption Effects on Europe Europe religiously divided Education & practices questioned Jews & Muslims persecuted Weakened Roman Catholic authority

10. Henry VIII’s Problem - Needed a son as an heir - Wife couldn’t bear a son Why did the Henry VIII leave the RC church? - wouldn’t allow him to get a divorce Henry VIII Solution - est. church of England (Anglican Church) - Act of Supremacy made him in charge or church

11.  Council of Trent  Committee of Catholic leaders to reform church  Banned selling of indulgences  The Inquisition  Accuse, try & punish heretics

12. Gold - Need for new sources & direct route to Asia Glory - Renaissance inspired new thinking of possibilities God - Missionaries wanted to spread the Christian faith

13.  Columbus – goal to find direct route to America, found N America by mistake  Magellan – circumnavigated the Earth Define & Describe  Columbian Exchange – exchange of goods between Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) to New World ( Americas)  The Transatlantic Slave Trade – transported slaves to new world  Mercantilism – economic policy to gain wealth by controlling trade & est. colonies

14.  How each event lead to the Scientific Revolution  The Renaissance – encouraged questioning & individual achievement/success  The Protestant Reformation – encouraged questioning of church practices  Age of Exploration – encouraged discovery of new things

15.  The Heliocentric Theory was a key idea during the Scientific Revolution that caused tension with the Catholic church because…  The church taught the geocentric theory so they feared they would lose authority and power  Effects of the Scientific Revolution  Led to continued questioning of tradition  Using reasoning and science to explain the world  Led to the Enlightenment – period of time where new ideas were made in government, economics, education, etc.

16.  Absolutism  King/queen has full control of kingdom & people  Divine Right  Claim of absolute rule comes from god  Louis XIV  Centralized French gov’t, est. Palace of Versailles  Peter the Great  Policy to Westernization to modernize Russia, built St. Petersburg

17.  In what ways did England try to decrease power of absolute rulers?  Magna Carta – kings must obey laws like everyone else  Parliament – legislative body to make laws  English Bill of Rights – more power given to Parliament and citizens