1. Temperature of Stream Site (upstream to downstream) Temperature ( °C )Average ( °C ) 114.9 °C 14.48 °C 215.5 °C 314.3 °C 414.2 °C 513.5 °C According to the data collected, the average temperature was 14.48°C. For a stream to be considered healthy the temperature should be below 16°C and above 10°C. All of the data was within the range of 13°C to 15.5°C. This is an ideal range for most stream organisms to live.

2. Dissolved Oxygen of Stream Temperature ( °C) Color & ppmPercent Saturation 14.3 °C Peach & 4 ppm39% The data that we collected showed that the dissolved oxygen was 4ppm at a temperature of 14 °C. This then equates to a saturation of 39%. On a scale of 0ppm to 11ppm, zero meaning there is not enough oxygen to sustain wildlife, and eleven meaning the best conditions for wildlife, 4ppm is considered mid-range quality allowing for certain types of stream organisms to survive.

3. Trial NumberWater Temperature (Degrees Celsius) Oxygen (mg per liter) Percent Saturation 110.76.457.0% 210.75.045.0% 310.74.641.0% 410.74.641.0% Dissolved Oxygen *Levels of 4-5 mg/L are needed to support a wide variety.

4. Nitrates Trial 1: <5ppm The healthy range of nitrates is 5ppm or lower This indicates that the stream has a healthy level of nitrates

5. Vertebrates We collected 4 fish samples, 3 were bluegill, and 1 was a green sunfish All these fish are moderately tolerant of pollution This indicates that the stream is at most moderately pollutant, but could also be non polluted

6. Copper, Nitrate, Chlorine, Iron, and Conductivity Location In Stream0 meters2 meters4 meters Copper (ppm)000 Nitrate (ppm)000 Chlorine (ppm)000 Iron (ppm)000 Conductivity917-926 Healthy Ranges: Copper: 1-10 ppb Nitrate: 5 or less ppm Chlorine: 0.01 or less ppm Iron: 0.3 or less ppm Conductivity: 150-500 μS/cm Based on our results, the stream has healthy levels of nitrates, iron, copper, and chlorine, but has an unhealthy level of conductivity.

7. FLOW CYCLE Overall the flow cycle was poor in all areas. Not only was it slow, but it showed little difference in different depths. In a healthy stream, the water would move slower in deeper areas and faster in shallow areas as shown here only with a larger difference. DepthTrial 1Trial 2Trial 3Averages 18.5 cm44.31 seconds 53.41 seconds 47.94 seconds.104 m/sec 26 cm78.15 seconds 81.37 seconds 66.91 seconds.067 m/sec 32 cm77.19 seconds 84.34 seconds 82.17 seconds.062 m/sec

8. Plant Species Variation LocationNumber of different Plant Species Area 18 Area 28 Area 38 The plant species was healthy due to the fact that eight different species of plants can be found consistently along the stream. However the species were mainly grasses and weeds. This shows that even though the stream is a hospitable environment, capable of supporting vegetation, only adaptive species can thrive here.

9. Presence of bacteria in stream We were unable to test for coliform bacteria, but we did find a substantial amount of bacteria in our cultures. 200 or more colonies per 100 mL of water is considered unhealthy. We found over 100 colonies per 5 mL of water. SampleABC Approx. # of colonies present per 5 mL of water 100

10. pH Level of Stream Stream SampleAmountpH Level Estimate 15 mL8.0 25 mL8.5 35 mL8.0 The average pH level for our three samples is 8.2, which is slightly above the healthy range for water.

11. pH The pH was measured using a pH meter. There were 4 levels of the independent variable (distance in meters) and 5 trials for each level. The average of the trials for each IV are shown below. The average range was between 8.5-8.9. The healthy pH for a stream is 8. Based on the data, the stream is fairly healthy. The data is between.5-.9 pH away from the healthy stream pH of 8. Distance (meters) 0m3m6m9m Average pH 8.818.668.548.89

12. Conductivity Conductivity was measured using a Vernier conductivity meter. There were four levels of the independent variable (distance in meters) and 5 trials for each level. The trials were averaged for each IV and are shown below. The data ranged from 278.85-290.45 microsiemens. Distance (meters) 0m3m6m9m Conductivity (microsiemens) 278.85288.68290.45286.12 The healthy range is 150-500 microsiemens. Based on the data, the stream is within the healthy range and it can therefore be Concluded that conductivity of the stream is normal.

13. Macroinvertebrates Name of SpeciesTolerance to Pollution Orb SnailVery tolerant CrayfishFairly tolerant LeechVery tolerant Mayfly LarvaVery intolerant Fingernail ClamModerately intolerant Pouch SnailVery tolerant Aquatic Sow Bug (Isopod)Moderately intolerant Overall, the variety of species found in the stream indicates that the stream is relatively healthy because it contains species that are very intolerant to pollution.

14. pH and Alkalinity Section of StreampHAlkalinity (ppm) 1 Right8.48180 1 Middle8.33180 1 Left8.40330 2 Right8.58240 2 Middle8.28300 2 Left8.33720 3 Right7.90240 3 Middle8.00720 3 Left8.11240 The pH in our stream is a little too basic for ideal levels, which are 7- 8. The alkalinity is also too high, as ideal alkalinity levels are 20-200 ppm (parts per million).

15. Pre-DamDamPost-Dam Turbidity19 NTU25 NTU15 NTU Alkalinity180 mg/L120 mg/L240 mg/L Hardness14.5 G/D pH7.0 pH6.5 pH7.5 pH Healthy Ranges Turbidity:<5 NTU Alkalinity:100-200 mg/L Hardness:4.1 G/D pH:6.0 – 8.0 pH Due to exceptionally high hardness and high turbidity from this data it can be supported that the stream is UNHEALTHY

16. Dissolved Oxygen Levels Sample 1Sample 2 Relatively Down StreamRelatively MidstreamRelatively Upstream 13.5 degrees Celsius14.8 Degrees Celsius14.9 Degrees Celsius 92% Saturation86% Saturation83% Saturation All of the results fit within the ideal range for Dissolved Oxygen Saturation (60-100%). 1 of the results fit in the ideal range (90-100%). There is a correlation between the samples’ respective locations on the stream relative to each other an dissolved Oxygen Saturation. As the samples were taken further upstream, the Dissolved Oxygen level tended to lower.

17. Nitrate Levels Samples were taken from the same cross section (CS) but from different current speeds – mid cross section (M-CS) had relatively faster currents while the edge of the cross section had almost no current. Nitrate values were obtained via nitrate test strip; every strip indicated either no pink coloring or a very faint pink color,, which means very little amounts of nitrate. All of the results fall within the ideal range of Nitrate levels- most unpolluted streams contain < 1ppm of nitrate, whereas high pollution results in high levels, around 20 ppm. Sample 1Sample 2Sample 3Sample 4Sample 5Sample 6 M-CS E-CS 0<<2 ppm 0 0

18. Turbidity Values were obtained using a tube, and samples were taken from different areas, upstream / downstream. None of the values fell within the ideal range of suspended solids, measured in mg/L Stick (in) TSS (mg/L) Quality of water Trial 17.4 50.09 Impaired Trial 28.2 43.75 Impaired Trial 38.7 40.46 Impaired Trial 46.5 59.44 Impaired Trial 56.4 60.67 Impaired Average7.44 50.88 Impaired TSS < 10 mg/l excellent water quality 10mg/l < TSS < 28mg/L normal water quality 29mg/l < TSS < 133mg/l impaired water stream TSS > 133mg/l severely impacted stream

19. Topic 4 Results Testing Free and Total Chlorine of a Stream Free Chlorine in Stream PPMTotal Chlorine in Stream PPM 0.10.0 0.10.0 0.10.0 By using chlorine strips we were able to measure the amount of free and total chlorine A healthy amount of free chlorine in nay natural water source is 0.0-1.0 PPM A healthy amount of total chlorine in any natural water source is 0.0 PPM In the stream the highest amount of free chlorine was healthy, and the total Chlorine also

20. Topic 4 Results Testing Fecal Coliform Petri DishTotal Number of Colonies 1100+ 2 3 4 5 Fecal Coliform is the amount of fecal bacteria in the stream. A healthy amount of fecal bacteria is between 20-60 colonies. The Stream had over 100 colonies in a 5 mL sample, suggesting an unhealthy stream.