1. 2013 REVOLUTION & INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA

2. CENTURIES OF EUROPEAN COLONIZATIO N

3. European Ideas of Enlightenment! French & American Revolutions! SPARKS OF INDEPENDENCE!

4. The peninsulares occupied the highest political positions in society as the wealthy Spanish- born citizens. * The creoles were Spaniards born in Latin America who could not hold political office but could be army officers. * Together, these two classes possessed the wealth, power, and land in Latin America. CLASS STRUGGLES & DISCONTENT

5.  World’s Leading Sugar Producer- Plantations- owned by Whites  Slave labor of non-white Haitians until late 1790’s.  1791 - 1 st Slave Rebellion, burning sugar fields and killing hundreds of slave owners- sets off 13 years of Civil War!  Toussaint L’Ouverture- self educated former slave INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI

6.  Toussaint L’Ouverture- self educated former slave  Organized rebels and by 1800 has driven all foreign forces out of Haiti.  1802- French & Napoléon Bonaparte tries to reclaim Haiti & French capture L’Ouverture dies in French Prison  Yellow fever brings death to French & finally independence in 1803.  First Independent nation in Latin America! INDEPENDENCE IN HAITI

7. INDEPENDENCE IN NEW GRENADA (VENEZUELA, COLUMBIA, BOLIVIA)

8. INDEPENDENCE IN PERU & LA PLATA (CHILE -1818, ARGENTINA-1812, ECUADOR & PERU

9. INDEPENDENCE OF NEW SPAIN (MEXICO-1821)

10.  Although Iturbide's reign was short, it defined the political struggles before and after independence.  The two ends of Mexico's political spectrum: liberals who favored representative government and conservatives who favored a more authoritarian regime.  1832- Constitution & Mexico finally becomes a republic. MEXICO- DEMOCRACY OR MONARCHY?

11. Dom Pedro 1 1822-1831 Dom Pedro 11 1831-1889 INDEPENDENCE IN BRAZIL PEACEFUL STRUGGLE, BUT MONARCHY REMAINS UNTIL 1889.

12. DATES OF INDEPENDENCE

13. Liberal Ideas  Progress- change in Gov. & social structure.  Freedom of worship; separation of church & state  Popular soveignty- everyone votes (in reality most creoles wanted power) Racial equality was not practiced.  Liberal political parties rise. Conservative Ideas  Want Colonial Models; creoles top level  Want Catholicism as state religion  “Common people” should know their place, leave government to elites  Conservative parties rise. DID THE REVOLUTIONARY LIBERAL IDEAS OF EQUALITY, FREEDOM & DEMOCRACY TAKE HOLD IN THE NEWLY INDEPENDENT COUNTRY?

14.  New governments had few resources and faced tremendous obstacles  Economic failure after independence,  True democracy was crushed by conservative hierarchy (Creoles)  Political corruption & political violence, distrust of government  In general 1825-1850 difficulties and no real progress economically or of liberal ideas/governments.  Lack of transportation systems and infrastructure…  Conservative governments ultimately take hold and little change occurs… MAJOR PROBLEMS THE NEW NATIONS FACED!

15.  Unlike India in 1947, when the colonial power, the white British left the country and the Indians began to establish a new government.  In most Latin American countries, the Peninsulares left the country after independence,  But the white Creoles, now top of the rigid class system, stayed in power and oppressed the other social classes.  Caudillo, Latin American military dictator and conservative governments. CREOLES PAY “LIP SERVICE” TO IDEAS OF FREEDOM!!!

16. Next slides HISTORY- IMPORTANT TIME PERIODS IN LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY

17.  Industrialized countries traded with Latin America  International money help economies and build infrastructure.  Conservative governments could not live up to promises; liberal ideas flourish again.  Transportation revolution- steam ship & railroads & telegraph lines.  Social mobility of lower classes to upper class = joined liberal parties…  Public education over private (Church established schools)  Landowners and urban middle- class people prospered, but people in rural areas experienced little change.  Sadly Liberal leaders became more concern with economic progress than political freedoms. PROGRESS IN MANY COUNTRIES; LEAD TO LIBERAL GOVERNMENTS 1850- 1875!

18.  Economic progress and transportation revolution led to new imperialism by Great Britain & the U.S.  Landowners & Middle Class profit; but indigenous and lower social classes did not profit- remained very poor.  Many indigenous groups that had communal land- lost their land by corruption of the wealthy..  Development of many oligarchies- wealthy families;  Rubber companies & others- paid workers very little  United Fruit Company- turned countries into “banana republics”- major corruption… poor workers  National Armies received new weapons & training from west!  Stable authoritarian governments & oligarchies characterize this period. 1880-1930 NEO-COLONIAL PERIOD & GROWTH OF OLIGARCHIES

19. James Monroe Warning for European to stay out of Latin America, But give the U.S. the power to “intervene” in Latin America! America’s Good Neighbor policy… MONROE DOCTRINE

20.  Neo-Colonialism (U.S. and other Countries) resentment led to new nationalist feelings and movements!  Nationalist leaders- charismatic leaders, directed their message to poor and lower middle class.  Juan & Eva Peron in Argentina  Advances in democracy; women’s voting rights, literacy requirements strict down, lower age to 18.  Many Latin American liberal governments call for liberal ideas was seen as “creeping communism”.  Cuban ally is overthrown by “communist revolution” Fidel Castro.  Many Latin Americans called for revolutions to continue path to democracy and economic justice…  Artists, writers, political leaders adopted Marxist perspective  The events of these years set the stage for conflict in next stage- Cold War & Reaction Stage NATIONALISM & LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS 1940-1960

21. Fidel Castro & RevolutionChe Guevara CUBA & COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY

22.  U.S. government saw any Marxist Revolution in Latin America as a Soviet supported (as had in Cuba)  In reality Marxism in Latin America meant siding with the weak and impoverished masses against the rich minority and the U.S. multinational corporations.  U.S. policy supports a violent counter revolutionary reaction to liberal governments or liberal revolutionary groups in 1960s & 1970s…  The U.S. government made alliances with military generals and increased the power of the army = military dictatorships REACTION TO LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS & THREAT OF COMMUNISM NEAR U.S. 1960-1990S

23. U.S. often supported the ruthless dictators in Latin America Military operations to “stop the spread of communism in Latin America. U.S. IN LATIN AMERICA!!

24. DECADES OF DICTATORS, CAUDILLOS & OLIGARCHIES; USUALLY SUPPORTED BY U.S. GOVERNMENT

25. DIRTY WARS OR CIVIL WARS IN LATIN AMERICA!

26. PRESERVATION OF CONSERVATIVE GOVERN & THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH- EL SALVADOR

27.  New generation of liberals-  Move towards true democracies in countries NEO-LIBERALISM 1990- PRESENT