1. Warm up Add to your Solubility Concept Map

2. Activity 46 Analysis 1.Group the 9 (10) substances you tested Acidic
Neutral
Basic
Hydrochloric Acid
Water
Potassium Hydroxide
Sprite
Rubbing Alcohol
Baking Soda in Water
Vinegar
Milk
Ammonia
Lemon juice

3. Which do you think is the most useful indicator
Which do you think is the most useful indicator? Explain your answer by considering the advantages of each indicator.
Universal indicator and pH paper distinguish a range between acid, neutral, and base
pH paper is more convenient because it is stored as dry paper
Difficult to see universal indicator change color in a colored substance
Phenolphthalein is much easier to define, but doesn’t help us distinguish between acidic and neutral, or even somewhat basic solutions

4. What happens to the pH of an acid or a base solution as you dilute it with water?
It becomes closer to 7, or neutral
Do you think that dilution with water is a good method for treating industrial waste that contains an acid or base? Explain the reasons for your answer.
It works to produce a neutral solution
It may not be a good method because it would take a lot of water to dilute a large volume of acid to a neutral pH

5. Activity 46 Major Concepts
Reactions with indicator chemicals can distinguish acids from bases in solution
The more you dilute an acid or a base, the closer it becomes to being neutral
Using multiple indicators can improve the accuracy in your results

6. Activity 47 Follow-up
Discuss in your groups the importance of acids, bases, and pH measurement to people and the environment, and review your responses to analysis questions #1 and #2. Share your Venn diagrams for question #4 and discuss differences.

7. Analysis Question #1
In what ways can the pH or acidity of water affect:
living things, such as fish?
May lead to them being unhealthy and unable to reproduce.
If the pH is beyond the range for survival (below 6 or above 7.5 for most fresh-water fish), they will die.
people?
If drinking water is acidic, it can pick up metal from the water pipes, such as lead.
This is dangerous to humans and can cause effects on the brain or nervous system or death.

8. Analysis Question #2
A solution with a pH of 5 is ___times as acidic as a solution with a pH of 6.
A solution with a pH of 4 is ____ times as acidic as a solution with a pH of 6. 10
100

9. Turns litmus paper blue
Analysis Question #4
Acids
Bases
pH<7
Sour
Turns litmus paper red
Reacts with metals
pH>7
Bitter
Turns litmus paper blue
Feels slippery
Not Neutral
Can be corrosive

10. Analysis Question #5
What do you predict will happen to pH when an acid and a base are mixed together?
Acids get less acidic when you add water
Bases get less basic when you add water
Both move toward a neutral pH of 7

11. Common household examples
Acidic
Basic
Neutral
pH range
< 7
> 7 7
Common household examples
Vinegar, orange or lemon juice
Ammonia, detergents, bleach, or baking soda
Water, alcohol
Uses
Preserving foods, making fertilizer, cleaning metals, refining petroleum, digesting food in the stomach
Making soaps, producing fertilizer
Hazards
Harms wildlife, corrodes pipes, at high concentration corrodes skin
Harms wildlife, corrodes pipes, at high concentrations corrodes skin

12. Activity 47 Major Concepts
Acids and bases are important in industry, agriculture, and household chemistry.
The pH of water affects the ways it reacts with other substances and can affect organisms living in the water.
The pH scale is non-linear

13. Title: Mixing an Acid and a Base
Activity 48
Title: Mixing an Acid and a Base
Read pg. C-91
Problem: What happens when you mix an acid and a base?
Initial Thoughts/Hypothesis:

14. What have you learned about acids and bases?
Indicators can be used to determine how acidic or basic solutions are.
As acids or bases are diluted with water, they become more like water in terms of their pH, but it may take a tremendous amount of water to accomplish this.
A pH indicator is a chemical that changes color in response to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+ :acids) and hydroxide (OH- :bases) ions present.

15. Acid
Base
Neutral
Phenolphthalein
Colorless
Bright Pink
Universal Indicator
Red or pink
Blue
Green
pH Paper
Red or Orange-Red
Blue or Purple
Yellow-Green

16. In this activity you will…
Begin by adding the base to the acid:
Stir thoroughly after adding each drop and observe the color before adding the next drop.
Record your results in a data table or a format of your choice
In part B, you will add the acid to the base:
Before you begin, make a prediction on how many drops of HCl it will take to neutralize 10 drops of KOH
Record your results

17. Procedure: Data/Observation: Following procedure on pgs. C-92 to C-93
Create your own data table to record results. Include information on your control (distilled water w/ indicator) and observation after each drop added. You need a table for part A and part B

18. Class Results: Figure 1: Acid-Base Neutralization 5 10 15 20
Number of Student Pairs
Drops of base to neutralize 10 drops of acid

19. Figure 2: Acid-Base Neutralization
Number of Student Pairs
Drops of acid to neutralize 10 drops of base

20. Discussion part A
What happens to the concentration of ions in the mixture as it becomes more basic?
The hydrogen ion concentration in the acidic solution is high, which results in a low pH. Then, as base is added, the hydroxide ion concentration increases.

21. Mixing an acid and a base to produce a neutral solution is called neutralization.
An acid can neutralize a base and visa versa. In neutralization, a hydrogen ion and a hydroxide ion cancel each other out by combining to create a water molecule.

22. What happens as the hydroxide ion concentration continues to increase as more base is added?
The hydroxide ions neutralize or “cancel out” the hydrogen ions and the pH gradually increases until you get to just the place where there is no excess of either hydrogen or hydroxide ions. At this point, the solution is neutral.

23. Part B Results Compare the 2 graphs
Why may there have been differences?
Why did it not take the same amount of drops for both neutralizations?