1. Household Economy Analysis (HEA) FINDINGS Establishing livelihood baselines for zones in Warrap, Northern and Western Bahr el Ghazal South Sudan BRACE Steering Committee Meeting 17 January 2013

2. Contents HEA Overview What was done Baseline results HEA Outcome analysis HEA/quasi-experimental linkage

3. HEA Framework: Overview HEA starts with an understanding of how households normally live….

4. HEA Framework: Overview …then it incorporates the impact of a shock….

5. Survival Threshold Livelihoods Protection Threshold Gap HEA Framework: Overview …and finally looks at how people might be able to cope. The analysis suggests that post- shock, households will not be able to maintain their normal livelihood assets without assistance.

6. BASELINE HAZARD + COPING OUTCOME + = HEA Framework Overview: Components In practice this process is broken into six steps

7. What it does: Defines areas within which people share broadly the same patterns of livelihood BASELINE Why it is necessary: Allows you to target geographically & to customize indicators for livelihoods monitoring systems Step 1: HEA Framework Overview: Components

8. BRACE Phase 1 Livelihood zones The Western Flood Plains Warrap, & Northern Bahr el Ghazal The Ironstone Plateau Warrap, Northern and Western el Ghazal

9. BASELINE Step 2: What it does: Groups people together using local definitions of wealth and quantifies their livelihood assets Why it is necessary: Allows you to disaggregate the population and indicate who (and how many) need assistance HEA Framework Overview: Components

10. Step 3: What it does: Quantifies sources of food and income, and expenditure patterns using ‘common currency’ Why it is necessary: Enables comparisons across wealth groups, zones and countries & provides starting point for outcome analysis BASELINE HEA Framework Overview: Components

11. What was done Training District level enquiry and market information. Community-level key informant interview Household-level interviews by wealth group in two livelihood zones

12. HEA Training Data collectors were selected and recruited by ACTED 10 people were trained. 8 were selected for field work The training: (i) classroom training: introduction to food security and livelihood security concepts; practice kcal calculations; review of HEA questionnaire forms (4 forms in total); (ii) field implementation: actual field work put the classroom training to use

13. Information Reference year: Sept 2011 – Aug 2012 Ironstone Plateau LZ Western Floodplains LZ Total County level meetingsAgricultural data + local measures Livestock data Market Prices Population Rainfall 25 7 Market interviewsMarket prices Trading volumes and routes Supply chains 224 Key informant focus group meetings at village level (10 participants per interview) Yields and agricultural support Milk yields and livestock migration Seasonal calendars Wealth group breakdown Timeline 80 people (8 villages = 8 interviews x 10 participants ) 80 people (8 interviews) 160 people (16 interviews) Household representative interviews by wealth group (6-8 participants per interview) Sources of food (12 months) Sources of income (12 months) Expenditure (12 months) 256 people (8 villages x 4 wealth groups = 32 interviews x 8 participants per wealth group = 256 participants) 256 people (32 interviews) 512 people (64 interviews) Total sample size of study = 683 people

14. Zone I: Ironstone Plateau Sales of firewood, charcoal and grass (VP,P) Local agricultural labour (i.e., in the green belt) (VP, P) Crop sales and sales of dried fish (M,B/O) Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O) Main sources of income 2011-12 The Ironstone Plateau is located in the west. A number of counties fall in the zone including parts of Aweil West, Wau, Yirol, Tonj, Cuibet, Rumbek, Terekeka and Mundri. The zone is mostly agricultural. Sorghum, sesame and groundnuts are the principal crops supplemented by maize, cowpeas, pumpkin seeds, cassava and okra. Wild foods and fish comprise an estimated 25-35% of household annual food needs. Shea nut oil is particularly important in addition to wild yams, honey, desert date and palms. Fish are caught during the dry season from rivers then dried and eaten during the hunger season. The Ironstone Plateau receives between 950 – 1300 mm rainfall on average. However, due to shallow and poor soils the zone suffers serious water problems. Tsetse fly for livestock and sleeping sickness for humans are two health challenges as is river blindness. Wealth Breakdown 2011-12

15. Zone 2: Western Floodplains Sale of fresh fish (VP,P, M, B/O) Sales of charcoal & firewood; wood collection; brick production, agricultural labour (VP, P) Sale of livestock and livestock products (M, B/O) Crop sales (M, B/O) Main sources of income Sept 2011- Aug 2012 The Western Floodplains LZ in the north-west is home to the Dinka. The following counties fall within the zone: Aweil, Gogrial, Twic, Rumbek, Tonj and Yirol. For the very poor and the poor, wild foods and fish are the most important food sources (40-50% of their annual food energy needs). By contrast, milk and meat are a key food source for wealthier households (25-45% of their annual food needs). Crops – such as sorghum, groundnuts, maize and sesame - supplement fish, wild plants and livestock products. Seeds, tubers and desert dates are particularly important bush foods. Seasonal migration between the lowland flood plains (toch) and the highlands (gok) is common throughout the zone. Although the rivers are a crucial resource for fishing, livestock and crops, severe flooding is also a livelihood hazard. Drought and conflicts are other hazards. Wealth Breakdown Sept 2011- Aug 2012

16. Wealth Characteristics The Ironstone Plateau Livelihood Zone

17. Wealth Characteristics Western Floodplains Livelihood Zone Wealth GroupHH sizeLand cultivatedLivestock + AssetsHarvest + Income Very Poor 3-40 – 0.5 feddans0-3 goats 0-4 hens Annual income SSP 1,500-4,500 Harvest lasted 3 months Poor5-60.51 – 0.99 feddans 4-9 goats 0-4 sheep 0-5 cattle Annual income SSP 4,600-6,500 Harvest lasted 4-5 months Middle-Income7-91 -1.99 feddans10-29 goats 5-19 sheep 6-30 cattle Annual income SSP 6,600-9,500 Harvest lasted 5-6 months Better-off10-152 plus feddans30 + goats 20 + sheep 31 + cattle 5-10 fish nets Annual income SSP 9,600 + Harvest lasted 6-8 months

18. Sources of Food - Ironstone Plateau Wild Food & Fishing

19. Sources of Food - Western Floodplains Fish – River, Flood, Pond

20. 12 FOOD TYPES (FNTA technical guide on DD Version II) Wet season (May- Sept/Oct, 5-6 months) Dry season (Nov- April/May, 5-6 months) 1. Cereals (sorghum,maize, millet, rice and various types of naturally occurring ‘grass’ seeds) Some stored, some purchased depending on own production and in-kind payments and Household budgeting for cult/cropping season (Peak energy needs) Eaten green pre-harvest, own production post harvest and purchased to benefit from lower seasonal prices plus saving own production for cult/cropping season. 2. Roots and tubers inc. wild foodsCassava in Ironstone plateau plus wild tubers Dried cassava, but mostly naturally occurring wild roots & tubers 3. Vegetables & wild foodsOkra, pumpkin, wild leaves plus other naturally occurring greens (vines, leaves,etc.) Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off groups. Dried and stored Okra and other veg. used in sauces. Okra and local greens also cultivated by rivers. Onion and tomatoes purchased by Better off. 4. Fruits & wild foodsWild fruits consumed by children (Dhiot, Cum, Cuei, Lang, Thou flesh, Pac, Wild fruits consumed by children 5. Meat & offal including game meatMainly only consumed during festivals (funeral & wedding feasts etc) 6. EggsOccasional 7. FishPool fishing at the end of the wet season - begining of the dry season, Dried fish used in cooking. River fishing end of the dry season- beg. wet season 8. Pulses & nuts including Wild FoodsCowpea, groundnuts, and nuts occurring naturally in the forest Stored own production plus Thou/Lalop from the forest (January - March) 9. Milk/productsLess available for Poor Hhs - occasionally accessed from wealthier kin or purchased Less available for Hh members not moving to the Toic with the cattle - especially for poorer Hhs 10. Oils and fats including simsim (sesame) and Lulu oil (Raak/Shea nut) Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau), simsim oil and from market Groundnut oil, Lulu oil (Ironstone Plateau) simsim/sesame oil & from market 11. Sugar & honeySugar purchased. Honey more accessible in the Ironstone plateau zone 12. Misc.Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season Beer and other local brews Termites, shield bugs, etc when in season Beer and other local local brews Dietary Diversity & Quality

21. Sources of Income - Ironstone Plateau

22. Sources of Income- Western Flood Plains (N) Actual Income earned by wealth group from fish sales in SSP

23. Income Level by LZ and Wealth Group Wealth Group Average annual Hh Income (SSP) Ironstone Plateau Average annual Hh Income (SSP) Western Floodplains V Poor 2750-3250 3000-4000 Poor 4000-45004500-5500 Middle 5000-60007000-8000 Better- off 9000-1000013000-14000

24. Gender aspects re income activities LEGEND:MenWomenBOTH ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES SEASON:Dry Rain Dry Land preparation Planting Weeding Harvesting Labor employment Charcoal Firewood Grass sale Brewing Brick Making Livestock sale Milking Wild food collection Fishing

25. Expenditure - Ironstone Plateau

26. Ironstone Plateau Expenditures by Wealth Group Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12 Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also festivals and social obligations SSP

27. Expenditure- Western Flood Plains (N)

28. Western Floodplains Expenditures by Wealth Group Actual Spending on Livelihood Inputs in SSP, 2011-12 SSP Other Items includes primarily tobacco but also beer, festivals and social obligations.

29. Seasonal Access to Food and Income Sources Ironstone Plateau LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest. SEASON:Dry Rain Dry JanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP PPWWHHH Cow peas, Groundnuts LPPPWWHH Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LPP W HHH Wild FoodsNgaana ThouNgaanaRaakAjuetRaak Fishing Livestock milk production cattle +shoats Livestock sales Charcoal, firewood salesgrass char-coalfire-wood grass Migrant labour Food purchase peak

30. Seasonal Access to Food and Income Sources Western Floodplains LEGEND: LP = land preparation, P= planting, W = weeding, H = harvest. Dry Rain Dry SEASON: JanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDec Millet, Maize, Sorghum LP PPWWHHH Groundnuts, Sesame, Cow peas LP PPWHHH Okra, Pumpkin leaves, seeds LP PPPWHHHH Wild FoodsNgaanaThou NgaanaRaakAjuetRaakThou Lang Fishing Livestock milk production cattle +shoats Livestock sales Charcoal, firewood & grass salesgrass char-coalfire-wood grass Labour / employment Food purchase peak

31. Outcome analysis

32. Step 4: What it does: Translates a hazard into economic consequences at household level Why it is necessary: Allows you to mathematically link the shock to each relevant livelihood strategy OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components

33. Step 5: What it does: Assesses the ability of households to respond to the hazard Why it is necessary: Determines the amount of external assistance required & Highlights monitoring indicators for testing prediction OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components

34. Livelihoods Protection Threshold Predicted Outcome Step 6: What it does: Predicts the outcome of the hazard in relation to livelihood protection and survival thresholds Why it is necessary: Allows you to determine whether people need external assistance in order to survive and/or to maintain their livelihood assets OUTCOME ANALYSIS HEA Framework Overview: Components Survival Threshold

35. BRACE issues to monitor & measure: Food availability, access and utility –Seasonal aspects? - the contribution from food/income sources April-October viz local labour and petty trade options for the more vulnerable groups + wild food access + stored and preserved foods? –Community dynamics and wealth group inter-relationships? (Employers<> Employees)…strengthening the local labour market and care needed when considering FFA work that may clash with local labour demand. … acting as a disincentive for the Middle and Better-off groups to increase area under cultivation etc. –Production constraints for more vulnerable (Risk & RTHL)

36. BRACE Issues to monitor & measure: Food availability, access and utility –Markets - availability and access issues (Cash and in-kind payment shifts depending on access and inflationary factors) - Seasonal road access and trade from North and South, oil revenues back on ? Etc. –Gender inequalities, Childcare - traditional roles and responsibilities, maternal education, hygiene and sanitation practices? Link to malnutrition trends, seasonal events and household behaviour.

37. Strengthen coping options? Monitor changes around the Livelihood protection threshold Observe any shifts in proportioning of Wealth groups Try to detect whether increased access to food (from FFA) is building resilience or resulting in the substitution of other food and income activities by households Expected benefits of FFA viz GFD? –Short term –Long term?…. in order to monitor these changes. Issues to monitor & measure: Resilience

38. SAMPLING Livelihood zones Wealth groups TOOLS Seasonal calendar – activities HEA & the Quasi-experimental study