1. The Origin
of Humans

2. The First Humans
Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

3. Early Discoveries

4. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Paleolithic Age: ( Old Stone Age )
2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE
2. 1,500,000 BCE ,000 BCE
,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

5. The Paleolithic Age
“Paleolithic” --> “Old Stone” Age
2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
Made tools
hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of humans
NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

6. Stage 1
4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE
Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans.
Australopithecines
An Apposable Thumb

8. Stage 1 HOMO HABILIS ( “Man of Skills” ) found in East Africa.
created stone tools.

9. The Paleolithic Age Purpose??
Humans during this period found shelter in caves.
Cave paintings left behind.
Purpose??

10. Stage 2
1,600,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE
HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” )
BIPEDALISM
Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology
First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia.
First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

11. Are we all Africans “under the skin”????
Differing Human Migration Theories
Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

12. Stage 3
200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE
HOMO SAPIENS ( “Wise Human Being” )
Neanderthals ( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE )
Cro-Magnons ( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

13. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: Neander Valley, Germany (1856)
First humans to bury their dead.
Made clothes from animal skins.
Lived in caves and tents.

14. P R I M A RY S O U R C E
The Shanidar events (cave in Northeastern Iraq) speak clearly of a deep feeling for the spiritual quality of life. A concern for the fate of the human soul is universal in human societies today, and it was evidently a theme of Neanderthal society too.
RICHARD E. LEAKEY, The Making of Mankind

15. Stage 3
NEANDERTHALS
Early Hut/Tent

16. Stage 3
CRO-MAGNONs:
Leads to Homo sapiens sapiens ( “Wise, wise human” )
By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals.
WHY???

17. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

18. The Last Ice Age
70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

20. The Neolithic Age Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
“Neolithic”  “New Stone” Age
10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE
Gradual shift from:
Nomadic lifestyle  settled, stationery lifestyle.
Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.
What does sedentary mean?

21. SETTING THE STAGE By about 40,000 years ago, human beings had become fully modern in their physical appearance. With a shave, a haircut, and a suit, a Cro-Magnon man would have looked like a modern business executive. However, over the following thousands of years, the way of life of early humans underwent incredible changes. People developed new technology, artistic skills, and most importantly, agriculture.

24. The Agricultural Revolution
8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE
Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world.
Causes?
Climate change: temperatures = longer growing seasons
Pressure of growing populations
Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia
8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE ,000 BCE

26. The Agricultural Revolution
Early Farming Methods
SLASH-AND-BURN Farming:

27. The Agricultural Revolution
Domestication of Animals
How did this develop? What are the benefits?
Breed the best and eat the rest!!!

28. The Agricultural Revolution? ?
Development
of Agriculture ? ?

29. The Agricultural Revolution
Why do you think the development of agriculture occurred around the same time in several different places?

30. Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?
The Agricultural Revolution
Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

31. Early Settled Communities
Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations.
More permanent, settled communities emerged.
9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement at JARMO ( northern Iraq )  wheat

32. Found Jarmo in the 1950’s
Catal Huyuk

33. Early Settled Communities
8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement at Çatal Hüyük ( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants
12 cultivated crops
Division of labor
Engaged in trade
Organized religion
An obsidian dagger
Small military

34. Early Settled Communities
Çatal Hüyük

36. The Agricultural Revolution
What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

37. Why is the
"Neolithic Revolution"
a turning point
in human history??

38. What is the
next step in the
development of
human settlements??

39. CITIES !
CIVILIZATIONS !!

40. What are the
characteristics
of a civilization??

41. CIVILIZATION Advanced Cities Advanced Technology Specialized Workers
Record-
Keeping
Complex
Institutions