1. Marcin Miłkowski, IFiS PAN NCN SONATA BIS Grant #14/E/HS1/00803

2. Plan of the talk  Mechanistic integration, Craver and Darden style  Mechanistic integration as constraint satisfaction  Failures of integration: mirror neurons and the gestural account of evolution of language

3. Mechanistic integration  The mechanistic account of explanation is offered usually for special sciences such as biology, cognitive science, or social sciences.  Constitutive explanation of a phenomenon: elucidation of the phenomenon as arising from the interaction of orchestrated entities and operations of the mechanism.

4. Craver & Darden (2013): three kinds of integration  Simple integration: integration of multiple mechanisms at the same level of (mechanistic) organization

5. Craver & Darden (2013): three kinds of integration  Inter-level integration: integrating multiple mechanisms at different levels of organization

6. Craver & Darden (2013): three kinds of integration  Inter-temporal integration: a mechanism is put into context of another mechanism working on different time scales

7. Model integration as constraint satisfaction  Danks (2014): integrate theories via constraints  E.g., truth constraint = both theories should be true at the same time  Apply to mechanism:  Entity and process constraint = multiple models represent the same entities and processes  One can account for simple kinds of integration this way (as analyzed by Craver and Darden)

8. Descriptive adequacy  This account is descriptively adequate for complex models.  Two examples:  Hippocampus and memory (Craver 2003, 2007)  Mirror neurons – no robust entities and processes

9. Hippocampus and memory  Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) is now believed to be a process of synaptic plasticity involved in mechanisms of memory.  1973: mechanistic link between LTP and the hippocampus was formulated  → an abstract framework for multifield research program  Hippocampus is discovered to have features required by LTP  Intermediate level in mechanism of memory, between synaptic plasticity and psychological features of memory

10. Hippocampus and memory  “The findings in … varied fields and from these different perspectives added their own constraints on the mechanism of LTP. Different perspectives could explore, for example, different components of the mechanism, different properties of those components, different activities in which those components engage or different forms of organization among them” (Craver, 2003, p. 187)

11. Failure of integration: mirror neurons vs. language  M. A. Arbib (2005, 2012): imitation is a required step in language evolution, and it requires mirror neurons  Note: Arbib’s view that language evolved from gestural communication goes beyond mere mirror neurons and does not really require them (no mention of MNS in Fay, Arbib & Garrod 2013)

12. Mirror neurons  Mirror neurons are responsible for action understanding is backed up mostly by direct recordings of neuronal activity in macaque brains, mostly in area F5 (Rizzolatti and Craighero 2004; Kilner and Lemon 2013).  But: lesion of the MNS does not inhibit action understanding (Hickok 2014)  Some fMRI studies incompatible (Lingnau, Gesierich, and Caramazza 2009)

13. Mirror neurons & language  Hickok (2014): it is not controversial that humans have the ability to understand actions and to imitate  But there is scarce evidence for MNS in humans, and Broca area (homologue of F5 in macaque monkeys) does not seem to have properties of mirror neurons  Hence: there are no interlevel constraints whatsoever; MNS is not essentially integrated in language understanding.

14. Conclusions  Mechanistic integration can be thought of naturally in terms of constraints, such as entity / process constraints.  Both successful integration and the lack of integration are linked to stronger or weaker constraints on multiple models of mechanisms.

15. Thank you!  For more, see https://pan- pl.academia.edu/MarcinMi%C5%82kowski

16. November, 7 th - 11 th, 2015