1. Human Geography Jerome D. Fellmann Mark Bjelland Arthur Getis Judith Getis

2. Human Geography… Stressing out HS students since 1995 Kuby and Fellman and Wood…Oh My… The Political Ordering of Space Enough knowledge to expand your cranium by 2X it’s normal size Insert figure 12.2 © Corbis RF

3. Human Geography 11e Political Geography The study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena, including their impact on other spatial components of society and culture TPS 1.What do we mean by “Political Organization?” 2.What is Government? 3.What is Politics? Political Culture?

4. Human Geography 11e Definitions Reviewed Sovereignty –Self Determination free of outside control State –Independent political entity holding sovereignty over a territory Nation –Community of people with a common culture and territory Why are State and nation are not synonymous

5. Human Geography 11e National Political Systems Nation-States –A state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people Stateless Nation –People without a state

6. National Political Systems The Evolution of the Modern State –Developed by European political philosophers in the 18 th century –The concept that people owe alliance to a state Solidified the concept of territoriality and the State

7. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States –Size What are the Challenges of governing these states? » Micro-States » MonacoMonaco

8. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States –Shape Can affect the well-being of a state by fostering or hindering effective organization The least efficient shape administratively is represented by the elongated state; part of the country far from the capital are likely to be isolated Fragmentation make it harder for the state to impose centralized control over its territory

9. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States Shape FragmentedPerforatedElongated CompactProrupted

10. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States –Relative Location

11. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States –Relative Location

12. Geographic Characteristics of States –Cores and Capitals The core is the original nucleus of a state and is typically the most developed area…but not always Lagos was the capital?? Why Abuja?Forward Capital

13. Human Geography 11e Geographic Characteristics of States Exclaves… and… Enclaves

14. Human Geography 11e Boundaries Boundaries: The Limits of the State Classification of Boundaries Natural boundaries are those based on recognizable physiographic feature Geometric boundaries are frequently delimited as segments of parallels of latitude or meridians of longitude Insert figure 12.13a © PhotoLink/Getty RF 49 O N

15. Human Geography 11e Boundaries Boundaries: The Limits of the State –Subsequent Drawn after the development of the cultural landscape –Superimposed Forced on existing cultural landscapes; can be the product of conquest –Relict Boundary A former boundary that no longer functions

16. Human Geography 11e Boundaries Boundaries and territorial disputes

17. Human Geography 11e Centripetal Forces: Promoting State Cohesion Nationalism Unifying Institutions, THE Constitution… Organization and Administration Transportation, Communication, Economy

18. Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority Organized Religion Search Results: Eratrean Christiansarch Results: Eratrean Christians About 10,300 results (0.38 seconds) Three Christians beheaded by Isil were Eritreans who were... Telegraph.co.uk -Apr 21, 2015 Three Christians beheaded by Isil were Eritreans who were... Eritrea: the African North Korea which thousands will risk anything to escape. Yemen And….ISIS…Al Quida…Etc…

19. Human Geography 11e Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority Nationalism –Bi-National –Multi-National –Separatism –Devolution Regional Autonomous Movements

20. Human Geography 11e Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority

21. Human Geography 11e Centrifugal Forces: Challenges to State Authority

22. Electoral Geography

23. Districts and Gerrymandering Under the single- member district arrangement, the voter’s in each district elect one of the State’s representatives. The general-ticket system provided that all of a State’s seats were filled at-large. -Eliminated in 1842 -Contiguous territory -Equal population -Compact territory Districts that have unusual shapes or even defy description have sometimes been gerrymandered. Gerrymandering refers to the act of drawing congressional districts to the advantage of the political party that controls the State legislature. Chapter 10, Section 2

24. Top ten most gerrymandered districtsTop ten most gerrymandered districts http://www.propublica.org/article/redistricting-a-devils-dictionary Massachusetts Define: Cracking, Packing, Hijacking, Kidnapping

25. Redistricting in Wisconsin? 2000 Census2010 Census

26. Imperialism and Colonialism » Legacy of ColonialismLegacy of Colonialism » » Sudan Article Human Geography 10e

27. Human Geography 11e The Projection of Power Changing Geopolitical Concerns –3 Early Theories: Ratzel, Mackinder and Spykman Friedrich Ratzel –The State as a biological organismThe State as a biological organism

28. The Projection of Power Changing Geopolitical Concerns –E–Early Theories: Sir Halford Mackinder –H–Heartland Theory (Eurasia) »R»Resources need to grow and dominate (colonialism?) World Island: Europe and Asia The Heartland: Center of power – E. Europe And Russia Control the heartland… Control the world!!!

29. Human Geography 11e Changing Geopolitical Concerns Early Theories:Nicholas Spykman The Geography of Peace The Rimland theory –Balance of power based on fragmented control of the worlds coastal regions…”The Eurasian Rim” –Power lies in the Rim…The Heartland cannot dominate the world

30. Geopolitical Reality 1945 -1991 The Cold War….A Bi-Polar World Human Geography 10e

31. Post Cold War International Political Systems Supranationalism –Associations among states…League of Nations The United Nations and Its Agencies –192 voluntary members, Limited Enforcement –Primarily a “Peacekeeping” authority –Security Council Veto Power…Sovereignty???

32. Human Geography 11e Post Cold War International Political Systems Regional Alliances –Economic alliances NAFTA, The EU, ASEAN, etc –Military and political alliances EU, NATO, Warsaw Pact, etc

33. Human Geography 11e Forces of Change Globalization, and Democratization… - Remember Huntington and the Clash of Civilizations?? - Political and Economic Liberalization Giving Rise to…. Religious Politics Iran…AlQueda…ISIS…