1. Economic and financial challenges: prospects of Albania. Ardian Fullani Governor of Bank of Albania Athens October 2009

2. Friday, 04 September 20152 Preview Policy Framework & Long run Quest for Stability Addressing domestic external vulnerabilities Crisis hits region Channels of transmission Economic impact Short term outlook Long run implications

3. Friday, 04 September 20153 Policy Framework Inflation is the final objective From Monetary targeting (intermediate targets: M3) to Implicit inflation targeting (Two pillar strategy with leading indicators: Forecasted inflation and M3 growth) Open Market operations Weekly Repo. Rate Reserve requirements Free floating exchange rate. Exchange rate acts as shock absorber.

4. Friday, 04 September 20154 Long Run Quest for Stability Emphasize and focus on long run sustainable equilibrium: Prudent monetary policy, aiming to preserve macroeconomic stability and promote savings in the economy. Free floating exchange rate. Encourage fiscal consolidation and policy coordination (Fiscal Rule). Approve New Banking Law and Repurchase Agreement Law and the respective regulatory framework. Establish a continuous dialogue with the market participants. Improve commercial bank governance, transparency and internal control and Better risk management. Warn banks and take regulatory measures against fast credit growth, especially in foreign currency.

5. Friday, 04 September 20155 Vulnerabilities Before Crisis Consumption led growth due to fast credit expansion. Increasing fiscal deficits. Growing trade and current account deficits. EU main trade partner.

6. Friday, 04 September 20156 Crisis: Channels of Transmission and Economic Impact Foreign and domestic demand slows. Remittances slow. Deposit withdrawals. Liquidity problems for banks. Credit stops; Private investments & consumption suffers. Exchange rate depreciates. Agents realize the problem of borrowing in foreign currency. Commodity prices drop prevents automatic adjustment of CAB. Depreciation is not passed to prices and inflation stays within the Bank of Albania objective.

7. Friday, 04 September 20157 Bank of Albania January 2009 Repo Rate cut 50bps; Provide all needed liquidity in domestic currency; Contain exchange rate volatility and agents emotional response to market fluctuations; Increase efficiency and Micro management in the foreign exchange market; Downward economic forecasts for economic activity; Share information with other supervisory authorities aiming to coordinate and customize policy response in line specific market conditions. Fiscal Increase capital expenditure Privatization and foreign commercial borrowing; Aggressive borrowing in domestic markets with signs of crowding out. Crisis: Policy Response

8. Friday, 04 September 20158 Crisis: Policy Response Shift focus toward financial stability Open market operations: Change the form of Repo auctions from fixed amount to fixed price; Extend the average maturity of Central Bank liquidity injection; Reduce the margin of overnight lending from + 175 bps to + 75 bps; Expand the range of collateral: from TBiIls with up to 1 year maturity to securities with days to maturity up to one year; Increase the daily use of the required reserve from 20 to 40 percent. Exchange rate interventions: Reduce extreme exchange rate volatility and other market imperfections, while domestic agents adjust to new equilibrium. Encourage banks to credit the economy.

9. Friday, 04 September 20159 Policy Response and Economic Impact Inflation stays low. Aggregate demand slows down; Deflation in the commodities prices offsets the FX depreciation on inflation. Government deficit grows. Yield curve Steppes with possible crowding out effects.

10. Friday, 04 September 201510 Short Term Outlook (Growth prospects)

11. Friday, 04 September 201511 Short Term Outlook (What factors could support recovery?)

12. Friday, 04 September 201512 Long Run Implications: Possible Structural Effects Monetary policy Slower growth in M3 due to reduced velocity (less credit in foreign currency). Less credit demand due to portfolio rebalancing and bank tougher standards. Fiscal policy Larger and persistent fiscal deficits. Difficult refinancing. Emergence of twin deficits. Financial Stability Rebalance of saving & consumption behavior in favor of domestic currency.

13. Friday, 04 September 201513 Long Run Policy Implications Structural shifts (Unit root vs. mean reverting) in: Structure of credit Structure of money World GDP growth Monetary policy implications of future developments in GDP, and money supply Implications for transmission mechanism and monetary policy reformulation (monetary indicators). Structural reforms needed in several areas.