1. Compression Strategies for SD/HD Production Applications Hugo Gaggioni Chief Technology Officer Sony Broadcast and Professional Solutions Company Hugo Gaggioni Chief Technology Officer Sony Broadcast and Professional Solutions Company

2. Agenda  DTV Production Issues  Bit Rates: Current and Future Positioning  Types of Compression  Bit Rate Reduction Strategies: practical considerations for broadcast operations  Applications  Conclusion  DTV Production Issues  Bit Rates: Current and Future Positioning  Types of Compression  Bit Rate Reduction Strategies: practical considerations for broadcast operations  Applications  Conclusion

3. DTV Production Issues DTV Production Issues

4. Foundations for the Simulcast 16:9 DTV/4:3 NTSC Era  16:9 Digital Component HDTV  16:9 Digital Component 525  4:3 Digital Component 525  16:9 Digital Component HDTV  16:9 Digital Component 525  4:3 Digital Component 525

5. Broadcast Industry: Near Term Imperatives for DTV Program Origination Broadcast Industry: Near Term Imperatives for DTV Program Origination 525-Line SDTV 525-Line SDTV -- Component Digital Video Format -- Widescreen Switchable (16:9/4:3) -- 4:2:2 Sampling Structure -- Component Digital Video Format -- Widescreen Switchable (16:9/4:3) -- 4:2:2 Sampling Structure

6. Movement of Television Program Material 16:9 DTV System Up Conversion 4:3 525 System Down Conversion HDTVHDTV DTVChannelDTVChannel NTSCChannelNTSCChannel NTSCNTSC

7. “Aspect Ratio” The Biggest Program Origination Issue in DTV “Aspect Ratio” The Biggest Program Origination Issue in DTV There is Between There is Between NO Satisfactory Reconciliation 16:9 and 4:3 Picture Framing

8. Aspect Ratio is: a Picture Content Issue

9. The Larger DTV Picture Content Issue Picture Content is Fully is Fully Protected Protected Picture Content is Fully is Fully Protected Protected 16:9 SDTV Picture Content Curtailed Curtailed Picture Content Curtailed Curtailed 16:9 HDTV FormatFormat ConvertConvert 4:3 SDTV

10. HDV, XDCAM-HD, HDCAM / SR Bit Rate Reduction Strategies

11. Broadcast B&I Creator ProductionProduction ?? SD HD Bitrate positioning (25, 19 Mbps) 18 - 30 Mbps 50 - 90 Mbps 90 - 210 Mbps 25 Mbps (DV,DVCAM,DVCPro) 25 Mbps DV 100 - 142 Mbps 440 - 1.5 Gbps XDCAM-HD Technology Demontration XDCAM-HD Technology Demontration NAB’05

12. Types of Video Compression Algorithms  Intra-Picture Compression: -- JPEG, DV, HDCAM, MPEG-4 SP  Inter-Picture Compression: -- MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVC, WM9  Intra-Picture Compression: -- JPEG, DV, HDCAM, MPEG-4 SP  Inter-Picture Compression: -- MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, AVC, WM9

13. Intra-Frame Compression Algorithm Intra-Frame Compression Algorithm …... e.g., 1080 / 60i Pictures e.g., 1080 / 60i Pictures Frame-based Video Compressed Data Files Frame-based Video Compressed Data Files Intra-Frame Compression system: Application to 60i signals Intra-Frame Compression system: Application to 60i signals 1/30th sec

14. IBBPBBPBBPBBI IBBPBBPBBPBBI 12345678910111213 12345678910111213 I = Intra-Coded Frame P = Predictive-Coded Frame B = Bidirectional-Coded Frame I = Intra-Coded Frame P = Predictive-Coded Frame B = Bidirectional-Coded Frame Inter-Picture Compression system

15. Picture Quality vs. Compression Ratio Compression Ratio Compression Ratio Inter- 12-15 Frame Inter- 12-15 Frame (MPEG-2) Inter- 4-Field Inter- 4-Field 2.7:1 4.4:1 8.8:1 22:1 Total Picture Quality Total Picture Quality 0 dB Reference (“4:2:2”) Reference (“4:2:2”) Intra- Frame Intra- Frame Intra Field Intra Field

16. HDCAM and HDCAM-SR Bit Rates and Performance Characteristics

17. HD Digital Video Sampling Formats “4 : 2 : 2” “4 : 2 : 0” YY CRCR CRCR 1920 1080 960 1080 960 1080 1920 / 1440 540 960 / 720 YY CRCR CRCR CBCB CBCB CBCB CBCB 540 (Studio Quality) (Transmission, field acquisition, Prosumer Quality) (Transmission, field acquisition, Prosumer Quality)

18. Uncompressed Bitrates for 1080 Video 1080 System: 1920 pixels x 1080 lines (active area), 59.94 fields/sec (I/P), 23.98 frames/sec (P), 29.97 frames/sec (P) 1080 System: 1920 pixels x 1080 lines (active area), 59.94 fields/sec (I/P), 23.98 frames/sec (P), 29.97 frames/sec (P)  1080P 4:2:2, 10 bit 60 Hz - - - - - - 2.48 Gbps  1080I, 4:2:2, 10 bit 60Hz - - - - - - 1.24 Gbps  1080I, 4:2:2, 8 bit 60Hz - - - - - - 994.33 Mbps  1080I, 4:2:0, 8 bit 60Hz - - - - - - 745.75 Mbps  1080P, 4:2:2, 8 bit, 30 Hz - - - - - - 994.33 Mbps  1080P, 4:2:2, 8 bit, 24 Hz - - - - - - 795.59 Mbps

19. Uncompressed Bitrates for 720 Video 720P System: 1280 pixels x 720 lines (active area), 59.94 fields/sec (P), 23.98 frames/sec (P), 29.97 frames/sec (P) 720P System: 1280 pixels x 720 lines (active area), 59.94 fields/sec (P), 23.98 frames/sec (P), 29.97 frames/sec (P)  720P 4:2:2, 10 bit 60Hz - - - - - - 1.10 Gbps  720P, 4:2:2, 8 bit 60Hz - - - - - - 883.85 Mbps  720P, 4:2:2, 8 bit, 30 Hz - - - - - - 441.93 Mbps  720P, 4:2:2, 8 bit, 24 Hz - - - - - - 353.59 Mbps  720P, 4:2:0, 8 bit, 30 Hz - - - - - - 331.55 Mbps

20. HDCAM-SR Recording Process Recording & Playback Recording & Playback 440 Mbps 440 Mbps 1242 Mbps 1104 Mbps 1242 Mbps 1104 Mbps 1920 x 1080 SMPTE 292M (10-bits) SMPTE 296M 1280 x 720 (10-bits) 1920 x 1080 SMPTE 292M (10-bits) SMPTE 296M 1280 x 720 (10-bits)

21. Prefilters in HDTV Acquisition Digital VTR / Server Digital VTR / Server Lens CCD Film The Scene The Scene HDTV Camera HDTV Telecine Film Camera Lens CCD

22. SMPTE 292M SMPTE 292M 1920 x 1080 1920 x 1080 Input Processing Input Processing Recording & Playback Recording & Playback Output Processing Output Processing SMPTE SMPTE 292M 292M SMPTE SMPTE 292M 292M 1440 x 1080 1440 x 1080 1920 x 1080 1920 x 1080 HDCAM Recording Process 994 Mbps 622 Mbps 994 Mbps Horizontal Digital Filter & Down Sampling Horizontal Digital Filter & Down Sampling 622 Mbps 142 Mbps 142 Mbps Up Sampling & Horizontal Digital Filter Up Sampling & Horizontal Digital Filter (60Hz)

23. HDCAM/SR Recording Strategies Digital Pre-filter (1440x1080) Digital Pre-filter (1440x1080) 4.4 : 1 Compression 4.4 : 1 Compression 142 Mbps Video Recording 142 Mbps Video Recording 2.7 : 1 Compression 2.7 : 1 Compression 440 Mbps Video Recording 440 Mbps Video Recording 994MbpsHDTV994MbpsHDTV 994MbpsHDTV994MbpsHDTV HDCAM HDCAM-SR 2/3 inch CCDs(1920x1080) CCDs(1920x1080)

24. HDCAM, HDCAM-SR, Compression Ratios (60 Hz material) HDCAM, HDCAM-SR, Compression Ratios (60 Hz material) HDCAM (8-bit, 1080i): 622Mbps 142 (approx.) = 4.4 HDCAM-SR (10-bit): 1.24Gbps 440 (approx.) = 2.78

25. 30 MHz 30 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz HDCAM-SR HDCAM 24 MHz 24 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz Bandwidth Comparison between HDCAM, HDCAM-SR

26. CCD Imager HORIZ MTF Horiz. freq TVL/ph Horiz. freq TVL/ph Horiz MTF Horiz MTF 37 MHz 74.25 MHz CarrierCarrier Nyquist Limit Fs Sin x x Sin x x 50% Optical Low Pass Optical Low Pass Effective Aperture Effective Aperture 24 872 TVL/ph 3030 CCD Aperture 100 % WithLensWithLens

27. Spectral Response of Video created in an HDTV Camera Narrow Angle Shot Medium Angle Wide Angle Shot 872 TVL/Ph 872 TVL/Ph (30 MHz) 872 TVL/Ph 872 TVL/Ph (30 MHz) 360 5.75 MHz (SDTV 16:9) 360 5.75 MHz (SDTV 16:9) MTF (Horiz) MTF (Horiz) HDCAM 24 MHz HDCAM 24 MHz SMPTE 274M HDCAM-SR 30 MHz HDCAM-SR 30 MHz 700

28. XDCAM-HD and HDV Bit Rates and Performance Characteristics

29. HD Technology Demonstration Camcorders Viewer Deck External Drive Cart Field Recorder Proxy recording on Memory Proxy Wireless Transmission Juke Server Concept 5 inch bay Drive Prototype/Technology & Concept Demos Acquisition Field Operation Networking & Edit Transfer & Archives @NAB2005

30. i-Link Sony AV/IT Solutions ProxyViewer/Edit Field Recorder Wireless LAN PDW-D1 PDW-510/530 Pool feed Disc i-Link Back to Station LAN/WAN MicrowaveSatellite Ingest room Transmission room Edit room Juke Server MediAvenue High Rez. Edit PDW-1500 MemoryCard i-Link HDV Network Centric 5 inch bay drive High Rez. Edit Archive room XDCAM Cart Master Distribution On-air Field operation toward HD HD Archive Archive MXF PC Centric

31. i-Link Consideration of HD Infrastructure ProxyViewer/Edit Field Recorder Wireless LAN PDW-D1 PDW-510/530 Pool feed Disc i-Link Back to Station LAN/WAN MicrowaveSatellite Ingest room Transmission room Edit room Juke Server MediAvenue High Rez. Edit PDW-1500 MemoryCard i-Link HDV 5 inch bay drive High Rez. Edit Archive room XDCAM Cart Master Distribution On-air Field operation HD Archive Archive HD handling on PC Longer Recording Time Network Bandwidth Transcoding Faster Transfer Archiving Rate Contribution Rate Quality Realtime Network Centric PC Centric

32. Considerations for Codec Selection For HD ENG & News Magazine production applications Non-proprietary Codec Longer Recording Time Editing Capability: Jog & Shuttle High speed Intra Transcoding for NLE Network and Server friendly Bandwidth and transfer speed (DV 25Mbps – IMX 50Mbps) High speed Long-Intra Transcoding Contribution/Archive format and bitrate Microwave from ENG For HD ENG & News Magazine production applications Non-proprietary Codec Longer Recording Time Editing Capability: Jog & Shuttle High speed Intra Transcoding for NLE Network and Server friendly Bandwidth and transfer speed (DV 25Mbps – IMX 50Mbps) High speed Long-Intra Transcoding Contribution/Archive format and bitrate Microwave from ENG

33. Strong support for Long GOP operation  There are 3 important changes occurring in the TV industry: -- Tape to Disc with MXF file format -- Intra codec to Long GOP codec -- Standard definition to High definition  Long GOP saves operational costs to TV facilities  Contents creation editing has 2 types of environments: “Long GOP” and “Intra GOP”  Key technologies for handling these streams are: -- High speed GOP transformation between Long and Intra. -- Direct Stream editing -- Artifact-free bitstream variable playback for search and decision making.  There are 3 important changes occurring in the TV industry: -- Tape to Disc with MXF file format -- Intra codec to Long GOP codec -- Standard definition to High definition  Long GOP saves operational costs to TV facilities  Contents creation editing has 2 types of environments: “Long GOP” and “Intra GOP”  Key technologies for handling these streams are: -- High speed GOP transformation between Long and Intra. -- Direct Stream editing -- Artifact-free bitstream variable playback for search and decision making. Intra Acquisition Storage Archive Distribution Intra Post Production Live Production Long Acquisition Storage Archive Distribution Intra Long Post Production Live Production Stream Direct Edit High Speed GOP Transformation

34. MPEG Line-up MPEG-4 MPEG-1 MP@ML 4:2:0 -15Mb MP@ML 4:2:0 -15Mb MPEG-2 4:2:2P@ML up to 50Mb L-GOP 4:2:2P@ML up to 50Mb L-GOP MPEG-7 MP@HL 1440 Up to 60 Mbps L-GOP MP@HL 1440 Up to 60 Mbps L-GOP AVC

35. MPEG-2 Architecture SPATIAL HIGH 4:2:2 HIGH 1440 MAIN LOW HIGH PROFILE SIMPLE MAIN SNR I & P 4:2:0 I & P 4:2:0 720 576 30 15 720 576 30 15 1920 1152 60 100 1920 1152 60 100 1440 1152 60 1440 1152 60 720 576 30 15 720 576 30 15 352 288 30 4 352 288 30 4 1440 1152 60 1440 1152 60 1920 1152 60 80 1920 1152 60 80 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:2 & 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:2 & 4:2:0 720 576 30 15 720 576 30 15 720 608 30 50 720 608 30 50 1440 1152 60 80 1440 1152 60 80 720 576 30 20 720 576 30 20 FRAME TYPES CHROMA SAMPLING CHROMA SAMPLING Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) Samples/Line Lines/Frames Frames/Sec Max Bit-Rate (Mbps) HDTV SDTV I, P & B 4:2:2 & 4:2:0 I, P & B 4:2:2 & 4:2:0 LEVEL 720 576 30 15 720 576 30 15 1920 1080 60 300 1920 1080 60 300

36. IBBPBBPBBPBBI IBBPBBPBBPBBI 12345678910111213 12345678910111213 I = Intra-Coded Frame P = Predictive-Coded Frame B = Bidirectional-Coded Frame I = Intra-Coded Frame P = Predictive-Coded Frame B = Bidirectional-Coded Frame MPEG GoP : Group of Pictures

37. Max. Bit rate 200 ~300 Mbps 200 ~300 Mbps 80 Mbps 50 Mbps 15 Mbps 1.5 ~ 3.0 Mbps 1.5 ~ 3.0 Mbps MPEG-1 MPEG-2 MP@ML MPEG-2 422P@ML MPEG-2 MP@HL-1440 Betacam SX at 18 Mbps Betacam SX at 18 Mbps Downward Compatibility Downward Compatibility MPEG-2 422P@HL MPEG IMX, XDCAM at 50Mbps MPEG IMX, XDCAM at 50Mbps MPEG-4 Studio Profile 1.2 Gbps 600 Mbps MPEG Hierarchy XDCAM-HD HDV HDCAM-SR

38. HDV

39. HDV format features 1. Use of DV tape as recording media 2. MPEG-2 Compression 3. 1080i / 720p Specification 4. Advanced Error Correction 5. Good Quality Compressed Audio

40. HD/ SD ¼ inch tape formats 720p specification 720p specification 1080i specification 1080i specification HDV format 1080/50i, 1080/60i 720/25p, 720/30p 720/50p, 720/60p MPEG-2 encoding (Inter-frame compression) DV format SD specifications (Intra-frame compression) DV/DVCAM format 576/50i (PAL) 480/60i (NTSC) DV Cassette Tape

41. Approx. 19Mbps Approx. 25Mbps Bit rate after Compression AudioAudio MPEG-1 Audio Layer II CompressionCompression 48 kHz Sampling frequency 16 bits QuantizationQuantization 384 kbps (2ch) Bit rate after compression VideoVideo 1440(H) X 1080(V) 1080/60i, 1080/50i 1080i specification 720p specification 1280(H) X 720(V) Number of Pixels 720/60p, 720/30p 720/50p, 720/25p 720/60p, 720/30p 720/50p, 720/25p Video Signal HDV format Specifications

42. HVR-Z1 DIGITAL HD VIDEO CAMERA RECORDER World’s first HDV 1080i Camcorder!

43. 1440 x 1080 1440 x 1080 Input Processing Input Processing Record & Playback Record & Playback Output OutputProcessing Processing Analog or Analog or 1440 x 1080 1440 x 1080 HD-TS HDV Recording Process 746 Mbps 560 Mbps 25 Mbps Chroma Down Sampling (4:2:0) Chroma Down Sampling (4:2:0) 560 Mbps 25 Mbps 25 Mbps Analog Output Or 25 Mbps streams Analog Output Or 25 Mbps streams

44. XDCAM HD and HDV formats DV tape 1080 / 59.94i, 50i (720 / 25P, 50P, 29.97P, 59.94P) 1080 / 59.94i, 50i (720 / 25P, 50P, 29.97P, 59.94P) MPEG2 MP@HL-(1440) 25Mbps CBR @ 1080i 19Mbps CBR @ 720P 276min(full size) / 60min(mini-DV) 25Mbps CBR @ 1080i 19Mbps CBR @ 720P 276min(full size) / 60min(mini-DV) MPEG1 Audio Layer 2 2ch / 48kHz /16bit sampling Compressed bit rate : 384kbps 2ch / 48kHz /16bit sampling Compressed bit rate : 384kbps HDV XDCAM HD Media Professional Disc Video format 1080 / 59.94i, 50i, 23.98P, 25P, 29.97P 1080 / 59.94i, 50i, 23.98P, 25P, 29.97P Video CODEC MPEG2 MP@HL(1440) Video Bit rate ( Recording time) Video Bit rate ( Recording time) Various Bit-rates to accommodate from 60 minutes to more than 120 minutes of HD storage Various Bit-rates to accommodate from 60 minutes to more than 120 minutes of HD storage Audio CODEC No compression Audio format 4ch 48kHz sampling 16 (or 24bit TBD) 4ch 48kHz sampling 16 (or 24bit TBD)

45. MXF for MPEG L-GOP

46. … BPPBPP Edit Unit HPPHPP Header Metadata FPPFPP Random Index Pack File Header File Body File Footer Edit Unit Edit Unit BPPBPP Index Table Edit Unit BPPBPP Index Table BPPBPP Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Index Table …… … Index Table Edit Unit HPPHPP Header Metadata FPPFPP File Header File Body File Footer Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit MXFMPEG HDDV-DIFD-10 Edit UnitVariable LengthConstant Length Body PartitionPartition size: 1GOP to 10secNo Body Partitions Index TableIn the next Body PartitionIn File Header Random Index Packattachednot attached MPEG HD DV-DIF … Index Table Edit Unit HPPHPP Header Metadata FPPFPP File Header File Body File Footer Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit Edit Unit D-10 MXF Structure Comparison

47. Related SMPTE Standards Item SMPTE standard > File format 377M MXF > Operational pattern 378M Op1a > Container 379M MXF GC > Video Mapping381M MPEG into MXF GC > Audio mapping382M BWF/AES3 > System Item385M (CP compatible) > KLV336M > MXF GuidelineEG41 Item SMPTE standard > File format 377M MXF > Operational pattern 378M Op1a > Container 379M MXF GC > Video Mapping381M MPEG into MXF GC > Audio mapping382M BWF/AES3 > System Item385M (CP compatible) > KLV336M > MXF GuidelineEG41

48. 1440 x 1080 1440 x 1080 Input Processing Input Processing Record & Playback Record & Playback Output Processing Output Processing SMPTE SMPTE 292M 292M SMPTE SMPTE 292M 292M 1440 x 1080 1440 x 1080 1920 x 1080 1920 x 1080 XDCAM-HD Recording Process 746 Mbps 560 Mbps 994 Mbps Chroma Down Sampling (4:2:0) Chroma Down Sampling (4:2:0) 560 Mbps Various Bit-Rates Various Bit-Rates Up Sampling & Horizontal Digital Filter Up Sampling & Horizontal Digital Filter (60Hz)

49. XDCAM-HD, HDV Compression Ratios XDCAM-HD, HDV Compression Ratios 560Mbps 35 (approx.) = 16 XDCAM-HD (35 Mbps) (8-bit, 1080i): 560Mbps 25 (approx.) = 22.4 XDCAM-HD (25 Mbps) (8-bit, 1080i): 560Mbps 25 (approx.) = 22.4 HDV, (25 Mbps) (8-bit, 1080i): Examples of possible bit-rates and compression ratios Examples of possible bit-rates and compression ratios

50. Frequency Characteristics for 25 Mbps L-GOP Compression 24 MHz Band

51. Picture Quality Headroom Picture Quality Headroom

52. MPEG Quality: MP@HL-1440 -- 35 Mbps 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 35 Mbps Time Excellent CCIR 500 Units CCIR 500 Units Good Fair Poor Bad

53. MPEG Quality: MP@ML-1440 -- 35 Mbps & 25 Mbps MPEG Quality: MP@ML-1440 -- 35 Mbps & 25 Mbps 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Time 35 Mbps Excellent CCIR 500 Units CCIR 500 Units Good Fair Poor Bad 25 Mbps

54. MPEG Quality: MP@MHL-1440 -- 35, 25, & 18 Mbps MPEG Quality: MP@MHL-1440 -- 35, 25, & 18 Mbps 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Time Excellent CCIR 500 Units CCIR 500 Units Good Fair Poor Bad 35 Mbps 25 Mbps 18 Mbps

55. Frequency Characteristics for 18 Mbps L-GOP Compression

56. Preliminary Bandwidth Comparison between HDCAM/SR, XDCAM-HD and HDV 30 MHz 30 MHz 10 MHz 10 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz HDCAM-SR HDCAM 24 MHz 24 MHz 30 MHz 30 MHz

57. Other HDV Products Compression Ratios Other HDV Products Compression Ratios (HDV, 59.94 Hz) : Recall: 720p bit-rate 8-bit: “4:2:0” (1280 x 720) x 12 x 59.94 = 662.89 Mbps 662.89 Mbps 19 (approx.) = 34.9 Too High !!! (HDV, 29.97 Hz) : 331.45 Mbps 19 (approx.) = 17.45

58. VBR CBR CBG Input Video Input Video Plain Complex Plain Averaged Byte Size Target Byte Size Black Stuffing XDCAM-HD, HDV: Encoded Streams VBR, CBR, Constant Bytes per GOP XDCAM-HD, HDV: Encoded Streams VBR, CBR, Constant Bytes per GOP

59. Networking  Streaming vs. File transfer  Many standards  SDI / SDTI (AV and data streams)  Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet (files)  Fibre Channel (files and streams)  i.Link (Firewire)  (FAM: MXF files), (AV/C: DV streams), (HD-TS: MPEG packets)  Streaming vs. File transfer  Many standards  SDI / SDTI (AV and data streams)  Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet (files)  Fibre Channel (files and streams)  i.Link (Firewire)  (FAM: MXF files), (AV/C: DV streams), (HD-TS: MPEG packets)

60. Stream structure MPEG Streams: TS, PES, ES ES PES Packet Access Units TS Packet (188 Byte) TS: Transport Stream Transport Header PES Packet PES header PES header PES header PES header PES: Packetized ES ES: Elementary Stream HD-TS: High Definition TS

61. MPEG ES and TS > Less process, Less time delay > Variable Speed Operation > Suitable for Operations in Station > Suitable for Transmission, Tape-based streaming (synchronous operations) > Less process, Less time delay > Variable Speed Operation > Suitable for Operations in Station > Suitable for Transmission, Tape-based streaming (synchronous operations) MPEG Elementary Stream MPEG Transport Stream

62. HDV, XDCAM-HD, HDCAM/SR High-End Production/Post-Production, Electronic Cinematogarphy, Compositing, Digital Intermediates, Telecine Masters, Computer Graphics/Animation, RGB/60P/3-D applications High-End Production/Post-Production, Electronic Cinematogarphy, Compositing, Digital Intermediates, Telecine Masters, Computer Graphics/Animation, RGB/60P/3-D applications HDCAM-SR: HDCAM: Applications Broadcast Production, Legacy Material Up-Conversion, Limited Post-production, 24P Acquisition, HD Commercials, 24P Made-for-TV “Films”, HD-ENG, Sports, Real-time NLE operations Broadcast Production, Legacy Material Up-Conversion, Limited Post-production, 24P Acquisition, HD Commercials, 24P Made-for-TV “Films”, HD-ENG, Sports, Real-time NLE operations

63. HDV, XDCAM-HD, HDCAM/SR (cont’d) Electronic Cinematography, High-end videographer, Broadcast Production/ENG, Variable-Frame Acquisition, Extended duration Recordings, HD/DV switchable recording, Electronic Cinematography, High-end videographer, Broadcast Production/ENG, Variable-Frame Acquisition, Extended duration Recordings, HD/DV switchable recording, XDCAM-HD HDV Applications Entry level HD solution. Products positioned at the top end of the current DVCAM line-up. High-end Corporate/Industrial/Professional videography. Possible Broadcast usage. Easy migration from SD to HD: HDV / DVCAM / DV switchable recording Entry level HD solution. Products positioned at the top end of the current DVCAM line-up. High-end Corporate/Industrial/Professional videography. Possible Broadcast usage. Easy migration from SD to HD: HDV / DVCAM / DV switchable recording

64. Conclusion  Marketplace availability of multi-format HD products  Manufacturers have HD products at all price / performance levels to complete any production need  Applications require a “diverse” set of “tools” -- Use the product that meets or exceeds the application’s requirements  For a technology decision -- Evaluate the production’s expected finished results -- The allocated budget -- The end-user’s experience with HD  Marketplace availability of multi-format HD products  Manufacturers have HD products at all price / performance levels to complete any production need  Applications require a “diverse” set of “tools” -- Use the product that meets or exceeds the application’s requirements  For a technology decision -- Evaluate the production’s expected finished results -- The allocated budget -- The end-user’s experience with HD

65. Future HD Technologies  A new range of HD products, at various price and performance levels for production applications, has been introduced by the use of MPEG L-GoP compression  Sony is developing technology to complete full manipulation of these MPEG compressed bit-streams: -- Variable speed playback -- Cut-only and effects editing -- Multi-stream effects  A new range of HD products, at various price and performance levels for production applications, has been introduced by the use of MPEG L-GoP compression  Sony is developing technology to complete full manipulation of these MPEG compressed bit-streams: -- Variable speed playback -- Cut-only and effects editing -- Multi-stream effects Conclusion