1. Mr. McKinley IB History of the Americas 2010-2011
Mexican Revolution

2. Objectives Causes of the Revolution Role of the Porfiriato regime
Revolution and its leaders ( )
Construction of post-revolutionary state ( )
Lazaro Cardenas and renewal of the revolution ( )
Role of foreign powers
Impact of the revolution on the arts, music, education, literature
* Stuff like the corn & cotton failed in 1908 and 1909, etc…
Dictator General Porfirio Diaz
Mexican Revolution goes through three periods
Nothing
Mainly the US

3. What is a revolution?
A revolution is a change in power that usually occurs in a short period of time.
Revolutions result in changes in culture, economy, politics, and social programs
Aristotle defines revolution in two ways:
Complete change to a new constitution
Modification of an existing constitution
Mexican Revolution was the first long lasting political revolution of the 20th century.

4. Names to Know Porfirio Diaz (Jose de la Cruz Porfirio Diaz Mori)
Benito Juarez
Francisco I. Madero
Pancho Villa (Doroteo Arango)
Victor Huertas
Venustiano Carranza
Alvaro Obregon
Lazaro Cardenas del Rio
Emiliano Zapata
Pascual Orozco
James Creelman

5. Terms to Know Porfiriato: Years in which Diaz ruled Mexico
Hacienderos: Land lord and owners
Haciendas: Estates, plantations, mines, or factories
Soldaderas: Female soldiers who went into combat in the revolution
Morelos: a state in Mexico
Caudillo: Military dictator

6. Mexican Revolution Causes
Two Main Causes: Porfirio Diaz and the plantation owners.
Political: After being president for 20 years, Porfirio Diaz told an American journalist, James Creelman, that he was looking forward to retire and that he welcomed an opposition party.
Plantation owners: Diaz privatized communal land holding in the countryside. During Diaz’s rule land held communally went from 25% to 2%.
Foreign held land of Mexico was on the rise, about 20% of the country held by foreigners under Diaz.
Political: When he did this it created a power vacume.

7. Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Entire villages disappeared and the haciendas became huge.
The hacienderos (plantation owners) still wanted more power but couldn’t get the peasants to sell their land. So the plantation owners started to pressure, bribe, and blackmail the peasants off their land.

8. Mexican Revolution Causes
Economic: Major industries were controlled by foreign investment
Poverty ensued throughout the country 97% owned no land
Creole populations thrived while the indigenous population suffered
Social: 50% of all households unfit, 80% of population were illiterate, 16% of population were homeless
Economic: US tariffs on Mexican sugar production caused real hardship in Mexico, as production was cut by 7% and many workers lost their jobs
By 1900 foreigners held 90% of the value of Mexican industry, and Americans made up 70% of that total.
Foreigners also held 150 million acres of the 450 million acres comprising Mexico. Americans held 130 million acres.

9. Mexican Revolution Causes
What options did a villager have in those days?
He could try to find other legal sources of revenue (very limited)
He could become fully dependent on the haciendas
He could become a criminal

10. Role of the Porfiriato Regime
Came to power in 1877
Ruled in caudillo (dictator) style
Rigged most elections
Tight grip on all governmental affairs
Dispatched governors all over Mexico
Enlarged the police force
Foreign film investments allowed for highways, railroads, telegraph lines, oil fields

11. Creelman Interview
In 1908, Diaz told James Creelman that he was prepared to retire in 1910.
Was Diaz serious or just trying to test his country?
Read the Interview

12. Mexico and Its revolutionaries

13. Fall of Diaz
Poor working conditions, inflation, inferior housing and low wages, and deficient social services caused fighting within the classes and the fight for freedom.
The revolution was the rise and fall of many great leaders including Diaz

14. Fall of Diaz
While Diaz did many things including transforming Mexico into a developing country, he also destroyed Mexico as well.
The powerful became wealthy and the dependence on foreign investments was unhealthy.
Ambition fueled political desires

15. Francisco Madero Son of a wealthy landowner Politically inexperienced
Desired to run for president
Believed in democracy and wanted to immediately establish it in Mexico
Favored British power rather than US
Son of a wealthy landowner. Family was devoted to ranching, farming and commerce. Studied commerce and economics in France and agriculture in the U.S. Saw the need to improve conditions in Mexico.
Ran for president of Mexico against Díaz

16. Francisco Madero
Diaz falsely accused Madero and had him thrown in jail during the election in 1910
Madero fled to Texas and claimed that he was President Pro-Temp until another election
Penned a document that officially started the revolution.
Was arrested and then released, on bail, after Díaz had been declared President. Jumped bail and fled to the U.S. In 1910, he led a revolt against the Díaz administration. Was successful in forcing Díaz into exile in 1911.
Madero escapes from San Luis Potosi and flees to Texas.

17. The Plan of San Luis Potosi
Madero assumed role as president
Called for re-election (free election)
Claimed to return land
Claimed to establish a democracy
The Plan of San Luis de Potosí was a political document written in San Antonio, Texas, United States, and published in the Mexican city of San Luis Potosí in The document ushered in the Mexican revolution and the collapse of the Presidency of Porfirio Díaz. The document, or 'plan', called for the destruction of Díaz's authoritarian presidency and the re-institution of democracy through violent direct action on the part of the Mexican populace. The plan was written and published in Texas by a group of exiles led by Francisco I. Madero, a political opponent to Díaz who had been jailed when his popularity threatened the arranged triumph of the old leader in the 1910 presidential election.
The Plan asked the Mexican people to rise in arms on Sunday, November 20, 1910, at 6:00 PM, but the first action occurred two days earlier, when Aquiles Serdán was found to be part of Madero's revolution in the state of Puebla and was forced to an early fight in his home, helped by his family. Most of them died. After that, the Mexican Revolution broke out on November 20, 1910 against the political, commercial and social policies of the regime, taking "Effective Suffrage - No Re-election!" as a slogan.
(Incidentally, this slogan can still be found at the foot of many official and legal documents written in Mexico.)
The document itself is considered an important historic symbol for the current Mexican State which owes its own existence, in great part, to the collapse of the old regime and the establishment of the PRI-dominated republic.

18. Mexican Liberal Party (PLM)
Peasant risings became more frequent
Members organized an urban revolt
Requested agrarian reform, eight hour work day, equal work for equal pay, access to education
The Mexican Liberal Party was an anarchist group co-founded by Ricardo Flores Magón in 1906, in opposition to the rule of Porfirio Díaz. The MLP was involved in strikes and uprisings in Mexico from 1906 to The party controlled most parts of Baja California in 1911, including Tijuana, Mexicali, and Tecate. In August 1911 it transformed itself into the "Liberal Party"

19. Treaty of Ciudad Juarez
PLM combined with Diaz’s lack of confidence led to this treaty
Ultimately removed Diaz from power
Kept existing institutions in place
Francisco Leon de la Barra (Mexican Ambassador to US) assumed interim presidency until another election could be held
General Victoriano Huerta ran the army
The Treaty of Ciudad Juárez was a peace treaty signed between the then President of Mexico, Porfirio Díaz, and the revolutionary Francisco Madero on May 21, The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the Mexican revolution.
The treaty stipulated that Díaz, as well as his vice president Ramón Corral, were to step down by the end of May, and that he was to be replaced by Francisco León de la Barra as interim president until elections could be held.[1] As a result Díaz left Mexico for exile in France.[2]
Significantly, the treaty did not mention or institute any social reforms that Madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions.[1] It also left the Porfirian state essentially intact.[1] Additionally, Madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts, staffed by the old judges, which led to outbreaks of sporadic violence, particularly in rural areas.[2]
On June 7, 1911, Madero entered Mexico City and in October 1911 he was elected as president, along with José María Pino Suárez, his running mate, as vice-president.

20. Supporters of Madero Pancho Villa (North) Alvaro Obregon (North)
Pasqual Orozco (North)
Venustiano Carranza (North)
Emiliano Zapata (South)
better known by his pseudonym Francisco Villa or his nickname Pancho Villa – was one of the most prominent Mexican Revolutionary generals.
As commander of the División del Norte (Division of the North), he was the veritable caudillo of the northern Mexican state of Chihuahua which, given its size, mineral wealth, and proximity to the United States of America, provided him with extensive resources. Villa was also provisional Governor of Chihuahua in 1913 and Although he was prevented from being accepted into the "panteón" of national heroes until some 20 years after his death, today his memory is honored by Mexicans, U.S. citizens, and many people around the world. In addition, numerous streets and neighborhoods in Mexico are named in his honor.
Alvaro Obregon
A successful Sonoran chickpea farmer and municipal president of Huatabampo, Obregón first entered military service in 1912 as a supporter of the regime of Francisco I. Madero against a rebellion in Chihuahua led by Pascual Orozco. Following La decena trágica in 1913, when Madero was assasinated, Obregón offered his military services to the Sonoran government to the regime of Victoriano Huerta, Madero's murderer. He supported Sonora's decision to follow Venustiano Carranza as leader of a revolution against the Huerta regime, and Carranza appointed Obregón commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces in northwestern Mexico. Following tensions with the caudillo Pancho Villa, Carranza ordered Obregón to fight against troops loyal to both Villa and Emiliano Zapata, both former military allies of Carranza.
Pascual Orozco Vazquez (28 January 1882 – 30 August 1915) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who, after the triumph of the Mexican Revolution, rose up against Francisco I. Madero and recognized the coup d'état led by Victoriano Huerta and the government it imposed
Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (28 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution. He ultimately became President of Mexico following the overthrow of the dictatorial Huerta regime in the summer of 1914, and during his administration the current constitution of Mexico was drafted. He was assassinated near the end of his term of office at the behest of a cabal of army generals resentful at his insistence that his successor be a civilian.
Emiliano Zapata Salazar (August 8, 1879 – April 10, 1919) was a leading figure in the Mexican Revolution, which broke out in 1910, and which was initially directed against the president Porfirio Díaz. He formed and commanded an important revolutionary force, the Liberation Army of the South, during the Mexican Revolution. Followers of Zapata were known as Zapatistas.[1] He is a figure from the Mexican Revolution era who is still revered today.

21. Emiliano Zapata
Before Madero’s election even took place he “rode into town”
Peasant hero to the revolution
Known for the phrase “Land and Freedom” (Land Redistribution)
Covered Mexico’s southern area
“It is better to die on your feet than to live on your knees.”

22. Plan of Ayala Read it! Identify the overall goals of the plan.
It is also saved on under the file manager tab. There is a file labeled IB History.
The Plan of Ayala (Spanish: Plan de Ayala) was a document drafted by revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata during the Mexican Revolution. In it, Zapata denounced President Francisco I. Madero for his perceived betrayal of the revolutionary ideals, embodied in Madero's Plan de San Luis, and set out his vision of land reform. The Plan was first proclaimed on November 25, 1911 in the town of Ayala, Morelos, and was later amended on June 19, 1914

23. Pancho Villa Born Dorotea Arango (name of bandit) No real ideology
Modern day Robin Hood
Joined the revolution with Madero but fell out with others
Wanted to bring down Diaz and help the peasants have a better life
Via not a nice guy. His men rape and pilige. He himself raped a French maid that worked in a fancy hotel.

24. Madero Rise and Fall Takes power in 1912
At odds with Zapata and other revolutionaries over land reform
Zapata writes Plan of Ayala about their land dispute
Pascual Orozco rebelled because of land reform as well
Madero had to call in the services of Huerta to defend his presidency
Madero is at odds w/ Zapata over land reform. Madero believes hacienda owners should be paid for the land lost, he loses liberal support. He also loses conservative support b/c they say he is anti-business. Madero levis a tax on oil to pay for education.

25. Final Fall of Madero
U.S. Ambassador Henry Lane Wilson stationed 100,000 troops along the border
Wilson threaten Madero with intervention if his government failed to protect U.S. lives and property
General Huerta, Felix Diaz and others were staging an overthrow
Wilson was secretly negotiating with Huerta and his associates
Lane Wilson secretly telling Huerta that he would recognize a Diaz Presidency with Huerta as General. New President Woodrow Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta’s government and recalls Lane Wilson back home.

26. Final Fall of Madero Huerta asked Wilson what he should do with Madero
Wilson said do “whatever was best for Mexico”
Huerta had him shot after staging a fake battle
President William Howard Taft thought Wilson had gone too far
Huerta ask Henry Lane Wilson what he should do w/ Madero.
Huerta claims Madero and his Vice President were shot during a failed escape. He also turns Madero’s brother, Gustavo over to Diaz who murders him.

27. General Victoriano Huerta
At a meeting at the U.S. embassy, Huerta was named President and Felix Diaz would succeed him
Restored Diaz’s dictatorship
Felix Diaz soon was sent on a diplomatic mission
José Victoriano Huerta Márquez (22 December 1850 – 13 January 1916) was a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico. Huerta's supporters were known as Huertistas during the Mexican Revolution. Huerta is still vilified by modern-day Mexicans, who generally refer to him as El Chacal ("The Jackal") or El Usurpador ("The Usurper")
* Restored P. Diaz’s dictatorship once he got in power. He sends F. Diaz out of the country as a diplomat to Japan.
Huerta’s regime was harsher and more brutal than Diaz’s. He jails 110 members of Congress. The press, which was free under Madero, was gagged as it was in Diaz’s time.
Huerta is supported by the Catholic church b/c they lost and power in the last century and wanted it back.
Huerta was also supported by the American business community.

28. Villa during Huerta’s Reign
Villa assumed power of Huerta’s opposition, the Constitutionalists
In Chihuahua he:
Employed soldiers
Reduced meat prices
Distributed money and clothing
Opened fifty new schools
Expropriated land
Cattle was sold for ammunition
* Villa was in prison. In March of 1912 he escapes from prison in El Paso, returns to Mexico and raises an army against Huerta by doing all of the above to get support.

29. Zapata during Huerta’s Reign
Estates were promptly distributed among the peasants but would remain under control of state until the end of the revolution
Revenues from estates would fund revolution and widows/orphans
Southern states had more hunger and more peasants in need

30. General Huerta meets opposition
President Woodrow Wilson took office just eleven days after Madero was murdered
Wilson felt Huerta was a drunkard
Arms began to flow to Carranza (paid for with cattle) from U.S. and Wilson
Carranza was a politician and rancher, was forefront in the opposition against Huerta calling his forces the Constitutionalists. He had the secret support of the US.
Carranza issues the Plan of Guadalupe which was a refusal to recognize Huerta as president and called for a declaration of war between the two factions.

31. Huerta’s Downfall
February 1914, Huerta regime imprisoned some unarmed U.S. sailors from the cruiser Dolphin at the port of Tampico
Pres. Wilson then stopped arms shipments to Huerta from Germany to the port of Veracruz
The holding of Veracruz caused a lot of anti-American sentiment
Carranza ordered the U.S. to leave
This area had a large concentration of Americans living there because of the large investment by American firms in the local oil industry.
Wilson orders US Fleet to Mexico
June 10: the battle of Zacatecas: Villa’s Division of the North defeats General Barron who is defending Zacatecas. This victory demoralized Huerta’s supporters, leading to his resignation. Huerta goes into exile in Europe. Tries to Enter Mexico through the US. He is captured and kept under house arrest till his death in 1916.

32. Venustiano Carranza
March 26, 1913 announced his Plan of Guadalupe which called for the overthrow of the dictator (Huerta) and a new election
Entitled first chief of the Constitutionalist Army
Villa placed himself under Carranza’s command
Alvaro Obregon also joined his side

33. Carranza Promised to dissolve great estates and return land to Indians
Signed an agreement to provide a better deal for labor unions and industrial workers
Promised a minimum-wage law
Appealed for women’s support
Zapata breaks with Carranza for not implementing stronger social reforms. He begins to distribute lands to peasants himself.
Villa refuses to recognize Carranza as President.
The constitutional Convention of Aguascalientes recognizes Eulalio Guiterrez as interm president. Carranza refuses to accept this and is declared a rebrel. Guiterrez appoints Villa as military commander to drive Carranza from power.
Zapata and Villa join their armies together to make 50,000 strong. Villa’s are rappers and thieves, Zapata's are mostly peaceful.

34. Venustiano Carranza First president of post-Diaz 1917-1920
Ideologies: Favored political reform but no social reform
Aims: Opposed U.S. intervention and wanted a new constitution
Methods: Constitution Convention
U.S., Argentina and other Latin American countries recognize Carranza as president. US cuts off arms supplies to Villa, angering him.

35. U.S. and Mexican Relations
1916 relations deteriorated sharply
Villa raided Columbus, New Mexico
Wilson set General John Pershing to pursue Villa into Mexico
Carranza demanded immediate withdrawal of U.S. troops
In 1917 influenced by a troubled international scene, Wilson liquidated the Mexican venture entirely
Villa kills 18 Americans on U.S. soil.
Pershing enters Mexico w/ 3,000 men. Carranza sees this as an occupying force and demands they leave. He tells US if they continue to move into Mexico they will be contested.

36. Constitution of 1917
1916 Carranza called for an election to frame a new constitution
Neglected to elect women or anyone that did not support his Plan of Guadalupe
No real agrarian reforms or worker reforms
Be sure to read Articles 3, 24, 27, 34, 35, 123, 130

37. Carranza’s Presidency
First legally elected President since Madero
Alvaro Obregon (secretary of war)
Only a small amount of land distributed
Hacienda owners still exist
Working class suffered
Ignored the promise of free education
Kept Mexico neutral in WWI

38. Carranza’s Presidency
Women were able to legalize divorce, alimony rights, own and manage property
Law and Family Relations (1917) child custody, file lawsuits, sign contracts
Zapata and his followers continued to fight Carranza’s control until Zappata was killed in 1919

39. Carranza’s Fall
1920 Carranza’s term was up but he could not be reelected
He tried to elect a puppet but was unsuccessful
He fled to Veracruz with 5 million pesos from the national treasury
He was killed shortly after (1920)
He sign a “no-reelection” pledge.
*He tries to elect Bonillas (the ambassador to Mexico) believing he could control him from behind the scenes.
*He takes 5 million in gold and silver and 10,000 followers to Veracruz Mexico. He meets a guerrilla fighter there named Herrero who professes his loyalty but kills him in his sleep.

40. Construction of the Post-Revolutionary State

41. Carranza passes the torch
Obregon had temporarily retired but in 1919 he declared his candidacy for president
Carranza announced his support of Ignacio Bonillas
Obregon supporters made Bonillas look bad

42. Obregon’s Presidency Established what other revolutionaries could not
He was a mechanic and farmer
Began distributing land immediately
He encouraged labor to organize (and when necessary, strike)
Made solid achievements in education and indigenous cultural heritage

43. Obregon’s Changes
Made the walls of public buildings available for the painting of murals
Muralist Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siquieros
Believed that school was the most important instrument to unify a nation
Trained 4000 teachers, opened colleges
Published paperback copies of classic literature for schools
Obregón's presidency was the first stable presidency since the launching of the Mexican Revolution in He oversaw massive educational reform (with Mexican muralism flourishing), moderate land reform, and labor laws sponsored by the increasingly powerful Regional Confederation of Mexican Workers.
He was also interested in promoting artistic developments. As such, Obregón's time as president saw the beginning of the art movement of Mexican muralism, with artists such as Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, José Clemente Orozco, and Roberto Montenegro invited to create murals expressive of the spirit of the Mexican Revolution on the walls of public buildings throughout Mexico. In a Fesco style.
* He undertook a major effort to construct new schools across the country. Over 1,000 rural schools were constructed, together with almost 2,000 public libraries.

44. Obregon’s Changes Signed agreements to repay foreign debt
Returned the National Railways to private owners
Continued positive communication with U.S.
Re-elected in 1928 but murdered before attaining office
Responsible for instituting Constitution 1917

45. Article 27 1920 Carranza attempted to enforce Article 27
20% of all oil imports came from Mexico
Obregon increased taxes to pay off debt but major U.S. producers stopped shipping Mexican oil
1923 Obregon offered the Bucareli Accord which Calles rejected
Article 27: Land Reform
Nation is the original owner of all land, water, and subsoil
State could expropriate w/ compensation
All acts passed since Land Law of 1856 transferring ownership of ejidos would be null and void
*Land reform was far more extensive under Obregón than it had been under Carranza. Obregón enforced the constitutional land redistribution provisions, and in total, 921,627 hectares of land were distributed during his presidency.

46. Plutarco Elias Calles
In 1920 Calles aligned himself with Obregon to overthrow Carranza
Took presidency in 1924
Continued to be de facto ruler from , a period known as the Maximato
During the Maximato Presidents Emilio Portes Gil, Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Abelardo Rodriguez (puppets)
Obregon lasts 1920 to 24 then Calles comes on the scene
The Maximato was a period in the historical and political development of Mexico ranging from 1928 to That period was named after Plutarco Elías Calles, who was known as the Jefe Maximo of the Revolution

47. Plutarco Elias Calles Created Bank of Mexico National Road Commission
National Electricity Code
1925 Ford Motor Company Agreement
Land distribution increased until 1930
1929 Great Depression affected economics and spurned peasant revolts

48. Calles, Catholics and Cristero
Noted for his oppression of Catholics
Bishops started a peaceful resistance in response to Calles Law. Catholics stopped going to mass, movies, schools
Cristero War, a civil war between Catholic rebels and the government
August 3, 1926 Catholics shut themselves in the Our Lady of Guadalupe church until they ran out of ammunition
1926 to 1929 was an uprising and counter-revolution against the Mexican government of the time, set off by religious persecution of Christians, especially Catholics,[1] and specifically the strict enforcement of the anti-clerical provisions of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 and the expansion of further anti-clerical laws.

49. Cristero War continued
1926 Calles Law ordered the registration of priests and closing of religious primary schools
In 1927 ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow initiated a series of breakfasts with President Calles to settle this issue and Article 27

50. Cristero War and U.S.
About five percent of Mexico’s population fled to U.S.
Most made their way to Los Angeles and San Diego

51. Obregon and Calles
Instability lead them to establish an amendment to extend the presidency term to six years and allow for re-election after one term out of office
Obregon was supposed to serve another term until assassinated

52. Calles Problems 1930 grain production halted Supported labor unions
Did little for women’s rights
Neglected to loan money to ejidos but only to haciedados
Ejidos: area of communal land used for agriculture, on which community members individually possess and farm a specific parcel.

53. General Lazaro Cardenas
Campaigned vigorously
1933 elected President
Spent 50% on education
Honest regime
Six year plan to strengthen eijdos, build modern schools, land distribution of villages, efforts to raise agricultural productivity

54. Cardenas continued Cut his own salary in half
Made himself available to peasants and workers
Closing down of illegal gambling houses
Villages received schools, medical care, roads
Peasants received their land from the government (caused dependency)

55. Cardenas continued
Land distribution injured the traditional hacienda system
Increased the wage system, if warranted
Nacional Financiera, (federal bank)
Oil nationalization stimulated industry and independence
Mining industry remained in foreign interests

56. Cardenas continued Women granted suffrage not granted until 1953
Encouraged the study and interests of indigenous peoples
Solved many of the social problems of the revolution but his hard work was lost by his successor (Avila Camacho)

57. Art, Literature, and Music of the Mexican Revolution

58. Vasconcelos Obregon’s secretary of education
Continued supporting the arts after leaving office
Offered the walls of public buildings for the painting of murals that glorified natives of the past and present
Reestablished the power and value of native arts

59. Muralists
“The Big Three” were Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros, and Jose Clemente Orozco.
Responsible for the Renaissance of murals throughout the city

60. Siqueros Influenced and glorified the revolution Sought realism
Mixed classic style with “modern machines”
Witnessed peasant life while fighting in Constitutional Army

61. Rivera Studied art in Italy and Renaissance frescos
First mural “Creation” was painted while he guarded himself with a pistol
Helped establish union of artists

62. Orozco Involved in the renaissance of mural painting
Avoided bloody (real) aspects of the revolution