1. “All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.”
Animal Farm
By George Orwell
a political satire
“All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.”

2. Animal Farm Revolution = Russian Revolution
Was supposed to make life better for all, but . . .
Life was worse at the end.
The leaders became the same as, or worse than the other farmers (humans) they rebelled against.
Russian Revolution
Was supposed to fix the problems created by the Czar, but . . .
Life was even worse after the revolution.
Stalin made the Czar look like a nice guy.

3. Animalism = Communism Animalism Communism Taught by Old Major
No rich, but no poor
Better life for workers
All animals are equal
Everyone owns the farm
Communism
Invented by Karl Marx
All people are equal
Government owns everything
People own the government

4. Joseph Stalin Joseph Stalin
Stalin’s Five Year Plan was an attempt to modernize Soviet industry.
Stalin’s government took land from the people.
When people refused to give up their land, Stalin would use the military or hold false trials and have them executed.
The government controlled what people were allowed to know and learn.
Joseph Stalin

5. Napoleon = Joseph Stalin
Boar who leads the rebellion against Farmer Jones
After the rebellion’s success, he systematically begins to control all aspects of the farm until he is an undisputed tyrant.
Joseph Stain
The communist dictator of the Soviet Union from who killed all who opposed him.
He loved power and used the KGB (secret police) to enforce his ruthless, corrupt antics.

6. Snowball = Leon Trotsky
Boar who becomes one of the rebellion’s most valuable leaders.
After drawing complicated plans for the construction of a windmill, he is chased off of the farm forever by Napoleon’s dogs and thereafter used as a scapegoat for the animals’ troubles.
Leon Trotsky
A pure communist leader who was influenced by the teachings of Karl Marx.
He wanted to improve life for people in Russia, but was driven away by Lenin’s KGB.

7. Old Major = Karl Marx Old Major Karl Marx
An old boar whose speech about the evils perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into rebelling.
His philosophy concerning the tyranny of Man is named Animalism.
He teaches the animals the song “Beasts of England”
Dies before revolution
Karl Marx
The inventor of communism
Wants to unite the working class to overthrow the government.
Dies before the Russian Revolution

8. Farmer Jones = Czar Nicholas II
The irresponsible owner of the farm
Lets his animals starve and beats them with a whip
Sometimes shows random kindness
Czar Nicholas II
Weak Russian leader during the early 1900s
Often cruel and brutal to his subjects
Displays isolated kindness

9. Squealer & Boxer Squealer Boxer Squealer
A big mouth pig who becomes Napoleon’s mouthpiece. Throughout the novel, he displays his ability to manipulate the animals’ thoughts through the use of hollow, yet convincing rhetoric.
Represents the propaganda department that worked to support Stalin’s image; the members of the department would use lies to convince the people to follow Stalin.
Boxer    
A dedicated but dimwitted horse who aids in the building of the windmill but is sold to a glue-boiler after collapsing from exhaustion.
Represents the dedicated, but tricked communist supporters of Stalin. Many stayed loyal even after it was obvious Stalin was a tyrant. Eventually they were betrayed, ignored, and even killed by him.
Squealer
Boxer

10. Jessie & Moses Jessie Moses Jessie
The farm's sheepdog, she keeps tabs on the pigs and is among the first to suspect that something is wrong at Animal Farm.
Moses    
A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones who tells the animals stories about a paradise called Sugarcandy Mountain.
Moses represents religion. Stalin used religious principles to influence people to work and to avoid revolt.
Jessie
Moses

11. Chapter 1 Summary
Mr. Jones, the owner of the “Manor Farm,” is shown to be a drunk who does not always care well for the animals on the farm.
Old Major tells the other animals that they are treated badly and should rebel.
Major teaches the animals "Beasts of England," a song which will become their revolutionary anthem.

12. Chapter 2 Summary Old Major dies.
Two of the pigs on the farm, Snowball and Napoleon, continue the rebellion that Old Major wanted.
They call this new way of thinking Animalism.
The Rebellion is successful.
Snowball and Napoleon paint over the name of the farm and call it “Animal Farm.”
Snowball and Napoleon create seven laws for all animals to live by.

13. THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS
Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.
Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.
No animal shall wear clothes.
No animal shall sleep in a bed.
No animal shall drink alcohol.
No animal shall kill any other animal.
All animals are equal.

14. Chapter 3 Summary
The pigs supervise while the other animals work the farm.
Boxer works harder than anyone and always says, “I will work harder!”
There is no work on Sunday. The animals hold a meeting led by the pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, who mostly debate and argue over the rules of the farm.
The seven commandments are simplified to “Four Legs Good, Two Legs Bad.”
Napoleon takes Jesse’s puppies.
The pigs take all the milk and apples for themselves.

15. Chapter 4 Summary
Word of the animal rebellion has spread, much to the anger of the human beings who have also heard of the animal uprising.
Mr. Jones and other local farmers try to retake the farm but the Snowball, who has studied Julius Ceasar, leads the other animals as they drive the humans off the farm.
During the battle, Boxer almost kills a boy, and is very upset about it. He says with his eyes full of tears: “I have no wish to take life, not even human life.”
Mollie, another horse, was found to have hidden in the barn with her head in the hay during the fight.
The battle was name the Battle of the Cowshed. Snowball, who was injured, Boxer, and a sheep who was killed were given military awards.

16. Chapter 5 Summary
Mollie goes missing from the farm. Later it is learned that she left after being bribed by ribbons for her mane (her hair) by neighboring farmer.
The pigs’ power on the farm continues to grow. Snowball and Napoleon argue over the usefulness of a windmill and the need to amass military weapons.
Napoleon uses the nine puppies, now ferocious dogs, to attack and chase Snowball off the farm. He takes over and rules the farm with complete control.
Ultimately, Napoleon decides to build Snowball’s windmill, but has Squealer run around and tell everyone it was really his idea from the beginning.

17. Chapter 6 Summary
Over the next year, the animals work very hard on the windmill. They even carry boulders across the farm to build it. Boxer works harder than anyone, and it is hard on his health.
The pigs move into the farm house and begin sleeping in the beds, but they change the commandments to make it okay.
The pigs hire a human, Mr. Whymper, to act as agent and solicitor so they can begin trade with other local farms. The other farmers hate Animal Farm even more because they are successful.
Napoleon announces that there will be voluntary work on Sundays. However, if the animals choose not to work they will loose food rations.
The half-built windmill is knocked over in a wind storm. Napoleon blames Snowball, and the animals start rebuilding right away.

18. Chapter 7 Summary
Napoleon and Squealer claim that Snowball is sabotaging the farm. Everything bad is blamed on Snowball including the serious shortage of food. Some animals, like Boxer, find it hard to believe and need a lot of convincing.
Four of the younger pigs who supported Snowball before he left are brutally attacked and killed by Napoleon’s dogs after being forced to confess their crimes of helping Snowball. Some of the dogs try to attack Boxer but fail.
The other animals are sad and upset over the deaths of the pigs and are confused about the state of the rebellion, but they convince themselves that things must be better than before.

19. Chapter 8 Summary
After the execution of the pigs, some of the animals go back to check the commandments, which have now been changed to read, “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.”
The animals work very hard and are always hungry, but are given a long list of figures by Squealer which supposedly show that there is more food than ever.
Napoleon’s power grows as everything good is delivered to his guidance. He grows suspicious, however, and begins keeping guard dogs and having others taste his food in case of poison.
The windmill is finally complete after over a year!

20. Chapter 8 Summary, continued
Napoleon sells timber to Frederick though he had been in negotiations with a different farmer. Frederick tricks Napoleon with fake money.
Frederick and his men attack the farm and destroy the windmill.
The animals are able to push the men off the farm with casualties on both sides of the fight. Napoleon awards himself a new military honor.
The pigs celebrate by drinking cases of whiskey found in the farm house. And Napoleon orders that barley (which is used to make alcohol) be planted in the field.
Squealer is caught in the barn after falling off a ladder with paint. Later it is noticed that commandment in regards to drinking alcohol is different.

21. Chapter 9 Summary
The animals begin re-building the windmill, led by Boxer who is now injured but insistent on finishing before he reaches the age of retirement.
The animals who work the farm are told that there is more food than ever. However, they remain hungry as the pigs get fatter and fatter. Napoleon fathers 31 piglets and orders that a school be built just for their education.
Animal Farm is declared a republic and, amazingly, Napoleon is elected president.

22. Chapter 9 Summary, continued
Boxer pushes himself too hard and collapses one day working on the windmill. The animals are told that a vet is being called but a glue maker (some glue was made from horse parts) arrives to take Boxer instead.
Later, Squealer tells the animals that the vet had just bought the van and that Boxer really did go to the vet. But Boxer is never seen again.
The following day after Boxer is taken, a delivery man drops off a crate of whisky. The pigs drink it and don’t get up until the following afternoon.

23. Chapter 10 Summary
Years go by and the animals lives are just the same: hard work and little food. Yet, the pigs continue to prosper. Many of the original members of the rebellion are dead. Of the older animals none have been permitted to retire.
The farm has grown as the pigs have purchased surrounding farms from the humans.
A second windmill has been built.
The pigs begin walking upright on their hind legs. Now, the wall simply reads, "ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL / BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS." Eventually, all the pigs begin carrying whips and wearing Jones' clothes.

24. Chapter 10 ~ Conclusion
In the novel's final scene, Napoleon hosts a dinner for the surrounding human farmers and the pigs in the farm house.
He outlines to them all the changes that will be made to the farm (which basically will make it like it was before the rebellion). His greatest change in policy, however, is his announcement that Animal Farm will again be called Manor Farm.
The other animals watch through a window as the pigs, walking upright and wearing clothing, drink and play cards with the humans. An argument ensues over the cards and the animals find it difficult to tell the difference between the pigs and the humans.