1. The Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= c1g60SSGmeY&safe=active

4. : Canaan. Sumer

5. DO NOW-on pkt back List several reasons as to why people would decide to settle along a river?

6. Mesopotamia’s Legacy - what was left to us by this civilization ?

7.  The Legacy of Mesopotamia –The earliest existing set of written laws, known as Hammurabi’s Code, established rules and punishments for Babylonians. – A one-God religion known as Judaism –Government- formal

8. To measure the passage of time  Calendar- –Based on the phases of the moon –Crescent moon meant the begin of the month  Sumerians year was short 11 days which meant they couldn’t accurately predict the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers or when the crops should be harvested. They eventually learned to add an extra month. –Watches –The changing positions of the stars, planets and moon Astronomy- study of the stars Learned to recognize planets and constellations Learn to foresee ECLIPSES Thought to be a bad omen Astrology – belief that the movement of the stars and planets affect/influence the lives of men and women and Astrology

9. Medicine  Physicians and veterinarians  Potion and ointments from natural ingredients - Flowers  Roots  Leaves  Nuts  Snake skins’  Turtle shells  Recorded temperature, pulse, skin color  Promote proper hygiene  3000 BC = invention of soap  Cosmetics  *real cure of illness was to please the angry gods which sent the demons to invade the body

10. More Legacies MATH  Base ten and decimals  - Place value  - Right angle  - Square  - Hypotenuse  The wheel was believed to have been made by the Sumerians. It was made of planks of wood joined together. The picture below briefly describes the stages of development of the wheel. 

11. Vocabulary  Drought  Famine  Surplus  Barter  Fertile Crescent  Mesopotamia

12. Vocabulary  city-state  Ziggurat  Cuneiform  Code of Hammurabi  Hammurabi  Sumer  Babylon  Empire

13. Fertile Crescent? A fertile area of land that is shaped like a crescent. Mesopotamia is part of the Fertile Crescent Two rivers Caanan Persian Gulf

14. What does Mesopotamia mean? It means: Land between two rivers. The Euphrates and the Tigris Rivers.

15. DO NOW: On the last page of packet:  On the chart, fill in 8 of Mesopotamia’s legacies

16. A Challenging Environment  the overflow of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers were “UNPREDICTABLE!”  These overflows caused floods and destroyed many villages.

17. Droughts  Quite the opposite of an overflow. This is when there is a long period of dry weather.  What can a drought do to a civilization? 1. Turn fertile soil to dust 2. Shrivel crops 3. Cause a widespread lack of food or FAMINE!

18. Taming Rivers  They built canals and dikes.  The flooding of the rivers left deposits of silt which was excellent for crops.  Silt – created fertile land –  This is where historians believe farming began

19. Climate  DRY……little rain  Irrigation (trap water)…. leads to a SURPLUS: extra supply of food

20. Mesopotamia’s Lively Trade BARTER- to trade one of a kind products for another without the exchange of money...There was a NEED!! caravans – groups of travelers bazaars – markets selling different kinds of goods

21. Sumer- [city-state]  Who were the Sumerians? –No one knows First to create technology associated with farming such as the wheel and irrigation  NOMADS that settled in lower Mesopotamia.

22. City-State-  A self-governing city and the land surrounding it.  Shared customs-ways of doing something  Shared religious beliefs  Worked together to meet their basic needs.  Army  Spoke the same language –BUT they don’t have…………….

23. City-State – cont’d  NO CENTRAL GOVERNMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Unlike Egypt  Much conflict: Why? Because no unity, separate rulers  Wars over lands, river use

24. DO NOW: in your notebook  LIST 6 traits of a CITY- STATE

25. Temples for Gods  People did not worship rulers  Built Ziggurats: temples for gods and goddesses –Most important building in the city –HIGH so they would be closer to the gods –Stairs used for gods to come to the earth

26. Examples of ziggurats

29. Sumerian Writing  The first to create a system of writing -  CUNEIFORM: Sumerian system of writing – used symbols  Kept records

30. Babylon  Upstream from Sumer  Built an empire because they took from the Sumerians –Hanging Gardens of Babylon Garden = palace rooms Seventh Wonder of the World Had many levels Built by King Nebuchadnezzar as a birthday present for the queen.

31. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GLlroENeNHk&feature=play er_embedded

32. DO NOW -in your notebook Written LAWS: Why do we need them? Give good reasons.

33. LAWS  First to write down the laws  First lawgiver – HAMMURABI  Code of Hammurabi –first law recorded- 282 laws- 44 columns  Harsh punishments  “Eye for an Eye” codes # 196-223  Code written on stone in the center of town.

34. Hammurabi’s Code  The carving on the stone on which the code is written depicts Hammurabi receiving the divine laws from the sun god, the god most often associated with justice.  code protecting all classes of Babylonian society, including women and slaves.  protection of the weak from the powerful –the poor from the rich.

35. Code #8  “If any one steal cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belonged to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirty fold; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death.”  With an example such as this, students are able to see the ways that the Code worked to reinforce class distinctions as it also established specific punitive rules for social order.

36. If a builder builds a house for someone, and does not construct it properly, and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then the builder shall be put to death. (Another variant of this is, If the owner's son dies, then the builder's son shall be put to death.) If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn off. If anyone steals the minor son of another, he shall be put to death.

37. If anyone brings an accusation against a man, and the accused goes to the river and leaps into the river, if he sinks in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river proves that the accused is not guilty, and he escapes unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser. If anyone brings an accusation of any crime before the elders, and does not prove what he has charged, he shall, if a capital offense is charged, be put to death.

38. If a man puts out the eye of an equal, his eye shall be put out. If a man knocks the teeth out of another man, his own teeth will be knocked out. If anyone strikes the body of a man higher in rank than he, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public. If anyone opens his ditches to water his crop, but is careless, and the water floods his neighbor's field, he shall pay his neighbor corn for his loss. If a judge tries a case, reaches a decision, and presents his judgment in writing; and later it is discovered that his decision was in error, and it was his own fault, he shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case and be removed from the judge's bench.

39. Do Now: in your notebook  Yesterday, we discussed several of Hammurabi’s codes. –Would you have wanted to live under the Codes of Hammurabi? Why or why not?

40. DO NOW: in notebook  What 3 facts about JUDAISM do you recall learning, when we did Religions of the World?

41. Birth of Judaism

42. Ancient Hebrews  From the Bible, lived in Mesopotamia  Judaism: religion, today 17 million people

43. Origins of Judaism  Leader: Abraham, led across the Fertile Crescent  Canaan: area reached by Abraham between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea

44. Canaan

45. Captivity in Egypt  Famine strikes Canaan  Move to Egypt…enslaved  Moses: raised by Pharaoh –Led Hebrew out of slavery

46. Ten Commandments  Mount Sinai: where the Hebrews lived, where God gave Moses the Ten Commandments: basis of laws for the Hebrews

47. * Answers may be used more than once WritingLaws/ Gov’t Religion Sumerians Babylonians Hebrews

48. Idea of one God  Polytheism: Worship many gods  Popular at this time  Monotheism: belief in one god  Hebrews were the first group- in their area- to worship one god  They saw God as just and all- important

49.  Judaism –The religion practiced by the Israelites was very different from other religions practiced in the ancient world. –The Ten Commandments are the core beliefs of Judaism. –Judaism has influenced other major religions of the world.

50. Wisdom of Solomon  Solomon: leader- name means “peace”  Organized the kingdom of Israel  He had lots of wisdom  Story of the baby

51.  Although Solomon was young, he soon became known for his wisdom. The first and most famous incident of his cleverness as a judge was when two women came to his court with a baby whom both women claimed as their own. Solomon threatened to split the baby in half.  One woman was prepared to accept the decision, but the other begged the King to give the live baby to the other woman. Solomon then knew the second woman was the mother.

52. DO NOW: in your notebooks  What does this psalm mean: Blessed is the one who does not walk in step with the wicked, or stand in the way that sinners take, or sit in the company of mockers, but whose delight is in the law of the Lord.