1. Introduction to Computer Algorithmics and Programming Ceng 113 Variables and Operators in C

2. C Language C was developed at Bell Laboratories. (Brian Kernighan and Dennis Richie)-1972 C is known as a high low-level language.

3. Reference Book In Library: C The Complete Reference, Covers C++ & ANSI C Author; Herbert Schildt Press; Osborne, McGraw-Hill ISBN 0-07-881538-X E-book: The C Programming Language (ANSI C) Authors: Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie

4. Program Definitions Variable: a named location in memory for storing data. Constant: a variable whose value is determined when a program description is written and doesn’t change from that value during program execution. Label: a named location in memory for storing a program instruction.

5. General Form of a C Program global declarations return-type main(parameter list) { statement sequence } return-type f1(parameter list) { statement sequence } return-type f2(parameter list) { statement sequence }.... Consist of one or more functions. “main(..)”, which is the first function called, when program execution begins.

6. A Sample C Program /* Letter guessing game */ #include main() {int tries = 0; char compAns, userGuess; /* Save the computer's letter */ srand(time(NULL)); /* Randomize the number generator */ compAns = (rand() %26) +65; /* generate a random letter */ printf("I am thinking of a letter...");...

7. A Sample C Program do { printf("What is your guess? "); scanf(" %c", &userGuess); tries++; /* Add 1 to the guess counter */ if (userGuess > compAns) { printf(" Your guess was too high \n"); printf(" \n Try again..."); } if (userGuess < compAns) { printf(" Your guess was too low \n"); printf(" \n Try again..."); } } while (userGuess != compAns); /* Quit when a match is found */ /* User got it right, announce it */ printf("*** Congratulations! You got it right! \n"); printf("It took you only %d tries to guess.", tries); return 0; }

8. The Library and Linking All C compilers come with a standard C library of functions that perform most commonly needed tasks. When you call a function that is not parf of your program, the C compiler “remembers” its name. Later, the “linker” combines the code you wrote with the object code already found in the standard library. This process is called linking.

9. Separate Compilation C allows a program to be contained in many files and lets you compile each file separately. The advantage of separate compilation is that if you change the code of one file, you don’t need to recompile the entire program.

10. The Terms Source Code; The text of a program that a user can read. The source code is input in to the C compiler. Object Code; Translation of the source code of a program into machine code, which the computer can read and execute directly. Object code is the input to the linker. Linker; A program links separately-compiled functions into one program.The output of the linker is an executable program. Library; The file containing the standard functions that your program may use. (all I/O operations, useful routins..) Source Code Compiler Object Code Linker Executable program

11. Basic Data Types Data types; char int float double Type Approximate Size in Bits Minimal Range char8-127 to 127 unsigned char80 to 255 int16-32767 to 32767 unsigned int160 to 65535 signed int16same as int short int16same as int long int32-2,147,483,647 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned long int.320 to 4,294,967,295 float32Six digits of precision double64Ten digits of precision long double128Ten digits of precision Modifiers; signed unsigned long short (long float has the same meaning as double).

12. Variables A variable is a named location in memory that is used to hold a value that may be modified by the program. All variables must be declared before they can be used. General declaration form is; type variable_list; Example; int i, j, l; unsigned int u; double balance, profit, loss;

13. Declaration of Variables Variables will be declared in three basic places; 1. inside functions  local variables 2. in the definition of function parameters  formal parameters 3. outside of all functions  global variables

14. Sample – local variables /* Addition */ #include main() {int a, b, c; printf(“\n insert a = %d”); scanf(" %d", &a); printf(“\n insert b = %d”); scanf(" %d", &b); c = a + b; printf(“\n a + b = %d”, c); }

15. Sample – formal parameters /* Addition */ #include int addition(int x, int y); main() {int a, b, c; printf(“\n insert a =”); scanf(" %d", &a); printf(“\n insert b =”); scanf(" %d", &b); c = addition(a, b); printf(“\n a + b = %d”, c); } int addition(int x, int y) { int z; z = x + y; return(z); }

16. Sample – global parameters /* Addition */ #include int a, b, c; void addition( ); main() {printf(“\n insert a = “); scanf(" %d", &a); printf(“\n insert b = ”); scanf(" %d", &b); addition(); printf(“\n x + b = %d”, c); } void addition( ) { c = a + b; }

17. Local Variables void func1(void) { int x; x = 10; } void func2(void) { int x; x = -199; } void f(void) { int t; scanf(“%d”, &t); if (t==1) { char s[80]; printf(“enter name:”); gets(s);.... /* do something */ } #include “stdio.h” void f(void) void main(void) { int i; for(i=0; i<10; i++) f(); } void f(void) { int j = 10; printf(“%d”, j); }

18. Formal Parameters If a function is to use arguments, it must declare variables that will accept the values of the arguments. These variables are called the formal parameters of the function. /* Return 1 if c is part of string s; 0 otherwise */ is_in(char *s, char c) { while (*s) if (*s==c) return 1; else s++; return 0; }

19. Global Variables #include “stdio.h” int count; /* count is global */ void func1(void); void func2(void); void main(void) { count = 100; func1(); } void func1(void) { int temp; temp = count; func2(); printf(“count is %d”, count); } Global variables are known throughout the program and may be used by any piece of code. void func2(void) { int count; for (count=1; count<10; count++) putchar(‘.’); }

20. const Variables of type const may not be changed by your program. A const variable can be given an initial value. const int a = 10; #include “stdio.h” void sp_to_dash(const char *str); void main(void) { sp_to_dash(“this is a test”); } void sp_to_dash(const char *str) { while (*str) { if (*str==‘ ‘) printf(“%c”, ‘-’); else printf(“%c”, *str); str++; } #include “stdio.h” void sp_to_dash(const char *str); void main(void) { sp_to_dash(“this is a test”); } void sp_to_dash(const char *str) { while (*str) { if (*str==‘ ‘) *str=‘-’; printf(“%c”, *str); str++; }

21. Operators The assignment operator; variable_name = expression; The target, or left part of the assignment must be a variable or a pointer, not a function or a constant. Multiple assignment ; x = y = z = 0; The conversion assignment; When variables of one type are mixed with variables of another type, a type conversion will occur. int x; char ch; float f; void func(void) { ch = x; x = f; f = ch; f = x; }

22. Common type conversion (Samples) Target TypeExpression TypePosssible info loss charshort intHigh order 8 bits charintHigh order 8 bits intlong intHigh order 16 bits intfloatFractional part floatdoublePrecision, result rounded

23. Arithmetic Operators OperatorAction -Subtraction +Addition *Multiplication /Division %Modulus --Decrement ++Increment

24. Relational or Logical Operators Relational Operators OperatorAction >Greater than <Less than >=Greater than or equal <=Less than or equal ==Equal !=Not Equal Logical Operators OperatorAction &&AND ||OR !NOT In C, true is any value other than zero. False is zero.

25. Logical Operators AND p qp&&q 000 010 100 11 1 OR p qp || q 000 011 101 11 1 NOT p!p 01 10

26. Sample for Logical Operations #include “stdio.h” int xor(int a, int b); void main(void) {printf(“%d”, xor(1, 0)); printf(“%d”, xor(1, 1)); printf(“%d”, xor(0, 1)); printf(“%d”, xor(0, 0)); } /*perform logical XOR operation using the two argumants. */ int xor(int a, int b); { return (a||b)&& !(a&&b); } aba XOR b 000 101 011 110

27. Lab. Exercise #1 Write a program that implements SWAP operation for two integer variables –with using a temp space, –without using a temp space.

28. Next Course Program Control Statements Selection –if and switch Iteration –while, for, do-while Jump –break, continue, goto, return Label Expression Block –A block begins with a { and ends with a }.