1. C Programming

2. Chapter – 1 Introduction

3. Study Book for one month – 25% Learning rate Use Compiler for one month – 60%

4. Environmental Setup  Install Microsoft Visual studio (Compiler) OR Code::Blocks with MinGW (http://www.cprogramming.com/code_blocks/)Code::Blocks with MinGW  Download Book – The C Programming Language – Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie (Open source)

5. C Program Structure  A C program basically consists of the following parts:  Preprocessor Commands  Functions  Variables  Statements & Expressions  Comments

6.  1. The first line of the program #include is a preprocessor command.  It tells the compiler to include the standard I/O lirary.  2. The next line int main() is the main function where program execution begins. In this case function without any argument values.  Many cases – Main(int a, int b) – passing some arguments  3. The next line /*...*/ will be ignored by the compiler and it has been put to add additional comments in the program. So such lines are called comments in the program.

7.  4. The next line printf(...) is another function available in C which causes the message "Hello, World!" to be displayed on the screen. "Hello, World!" – argument Data type – string \n – is also string, but its newline character.  5. The next line return 0; terminates main()function and returns the value 0.  “;” - semicolon is must for every statement.  Try exercise 1-1, 1-2

8. Data types  In the C programming language, data types refer to an extensive system used for declaring variables or functions of different types.  The type of a variable determines how much space it occupies in storage and how the bit pattern stored is interpreted.  Size of the objects are usually machine dependent.  Integer types char1 byte-128 to 127 or 0 to 255 unsigned char1 byte0 to 255 signed char1 byte-128 to 127 int2 or 4 bytes-32,768 to 32,767 or - 2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned int2 or 4 bytes0 to 65,535 or 0 to 4,294,967,295 short2 bytes-32,768 to 32,767 unsigned short2 bytes0 to 65,535 long4 bytes-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 unsigned long4 bytes0 to 4,294,967,295

9.  Floating point types TypeStorage sizeValue rangePrecision float4 byte1.2E-38 to 3.4E+38(7 digits) double8 byte2.3E-308 to 1.7E+308(15 digits) long double10 byte or same as double 3.4E-4932 to 1.1E+493219 decimal places

10.  To get the exact size of a type or a variable on a particular platform, you can use the sizeof operator. The expressions sizeof(type) yields the storage size of the object or type in bytes.  %E – exponential form  Limits.h - ?  Float.h - ?  Cstdio – std::getchar();  any guess?  In c (gcc compiler) – stdio.h – getchar();  In c++(msvcom compiler) – cstdio – std::getchar();  Be aware of which compiler you are using and some function may vary.  There also Arrays, structures, void, unions etc.. (save your for time for another day!) Reference: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cfloat/

11. Variables & Arithmetic Expressions Reference: Kernighan, Brian W. The C programming language

12.  All variables – declared before using it.  Usually it starts with the type name (int fahr, celsius)  Followed by the whitespace and then some name.  Assignment of values and initialize.  While(……) is called condition in parentheses  If the condition satisfies then it flows to the next line, if not it is terminated.

13.  While(1){ …….} - any guess?  The reason for multiplying by 5 and then dividing by 9 instead of multiplying by 5/9 is because integer division truncates any fractional part. In this case the answer will be zero.  In printf %d, \t are used – decimal and tab space.  Try different for example - %s, %c, %f, %o, %X,...  % is always paired with some arguments and awaits another argument, instead of a decimal when a floating point is given it gives wrong answer.  Question – what datatype for fahr and Celsius?  5.0/9.0 is not truncated. Tip: A Menu, Server

14. Symbolic Constants  Always the name is written in Uppercase (Good programming practice)  Replacement text can be anything  Sequence of characters  Numbers  No need for semicolon at the end of the define.

15. The For loop statement  Most of the variables are eliminated.  Its more compact than the while statement  Inside the parentheses three parts separated with semicolon, first is  Fahr = 0 (initialize)  Fahr<= 300 (controlling part)  Fahr = fahr+20 (increment step)  The loop terminates if the condition is false.

16.  Write a C program to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit between 0 to 200 with a step size of 20 and print the value in reverse order. You can use any loop statement.  arealisticdreamer.weebly.com