1. Grandpa and ice cream
Last summer I were in my Grandpa`s village. I remember different funny stories from there . First week I were ill so my Grandpa didn`t allow me to eat ice cream. I knew that I will be able to eat it in the future , but I were really sad that I couldn`t eat it hole week. But I knew that if I didn`t eat it I might be well soon. When I recovered my Grandpa said that I can eat ice cream as much as I want . But still I asked every time if I could eat ice cream , because I knew that Grandpa can`t be wrong. Every week I asked him if he could bring a cup of ice cream . So 3 weeks later Grandpa said that I should eat a little bit of ice cream. I knew that I needed to eat it less, because otherwise I would become sick.

2. Modal verbs
Modal verb is a special verb which behaves very differently from normal verb.  The following verbs are called Modal verbs. 

3. What are modal verbs? They are: Can Could Must
Shall
Need
May
Might
Should
Will
Ought to
They are Auxiliary verbs that provide additional and specific meaning to the main verb of the sentence
Modal verbs are sometimes referred to as
Modal Auxiliary verbs because they help other verbs

4. They do not accept conjugation They do not need other auxiliary verbs
How do we use modals? S
Subject V
Verb M
Example: Mary could play the piano
They do not accept conjugation
They do not need other auxiliary verbs

5. What do they express?
They can have different meanings depending on the situations they are used
To understand it better we are going to divide them into 4 categories
Modal Verbs of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice.
Modal verbs of ability and permission.
Modal verbs of speculation and deduction.
Modals perfects: They are used to express a situation in the past

6. Categories must/ mustn’t can / can’t may may/might have
Obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice
Ability and permission
Speculation and deduction
Modal
perfects
must/ mustn’t
can / can’t
may
may/might have
might / might not
should/
shouldn’t have
have to/don’t have to
could / couldn’t
must have
could
needn’t
ought to
can’t have
can’t
should/ shouldn’t
could have
must

7. Modals of obligation, no obligation, prohibition and advice
Concept
Examples
*1 Must
Have to/has to
Obligation
You must decide now.
I have / she has to be fit to enter the race.
*2 Don’t have to/doesn’t have to
*3 Needn’t
No obligation
(it’s not necessary)
You don’t have / she doesn’t have to phone me tomorrow.
You needn’t meet me at the airport. I’ll get a taxi.
Ought to
Should
Shouldn’t
Must
Advice and recommendation
They ought to thank her for the present.
You should stop smoking all the time.
You shouldn’t cross the street without looking first. It’s dangerous.
You must try this recipe.
Mustn’t
Can’t
Prohibition
You mustn’t ride a motorbike without a helmet.
You can’t park here – look at the sign.

8. (*) Notes
1 In writing there is no real difference between these words. In speech there is sometimes a small difference. Must is used when the speaker personally feels something is important and have to is used when the situation makes something necessary.
You must start working harder! (I say so)
You have to turn left here. (it’s the law)
2 Must and have to are very similar in their affirmative forms but they are completely different in their negative forms. Mustn’t describes sth which is prohibited. Don’t have to describes sth that is not necessary.
You mustn’t leave now. (it’s not allowed. It’s against the rules)
You don’t have to leave now. (it’s not necessary)
3 In informal spoken language we use don’t need to instead of needn’t.
You don’t need to go to the gym every day. You’re in good shape.

9. Modals of ability and permission
Concept
Examples
Can / can’t
Ability in the present
I can play the piano.
My friend can’t speak Spanish
Could / couldn’t
Ability in the past
He could ski when he was 4.
I couldn’t ride a bike when I was a child
Can
Could
May
To ask permission and make polite requests
Dad, can I go to the concert?
Could I have some money, please?
May I come in, please?
Can’t
Permission in the present
You can borrow this CD if you like.
Students can’t wear their own clothes to school.
Couldn’t
Permission in the past
I could stay out until midnight when I was 14.
We couldn’t wear jewellery at school.

10. Modals of speculation and deduction
Concept
Examples
*1 May
Might
Could
Might not
Speculation
He’s wearing a ring, so he may be married.
I might go shopping later, I don’t know.
It could rain today.
She might not be on the train.
Can’t
Negative deduction
That can’t be Sue. She’s in Brazil.
Must
Affirmative deduction
You must be tired after your long journey.
*1 these words all express uncertainty or possibility. Could is not used with not in this context.
The meaning for all three words is approximately 50% probability. But if we stress the modal verb strongly in speech the probability is reduced.

11. MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle
Modal Perfects
They are modals referred to actions that happened in the past
It must have been a difficult decision
They should have invited her to their wedding
MODAL + HAVE + verb in past participle

12. Modal perfects Modal Concept Examples May have Past unreal possibility
We may have passed the test, but it was too difficult.
Might have
Past unreal small possibility
She might have been swimming. Her hair is wet.
Should have
Past unreal recommendation
You should have listened to the doctor.
You shouldn’t have eaten too much chocolate.
Must have
Past unreal assumption
She looks very fit. She must have been to the gym a lot lately.
Can’t have
Impossibility in the past
He can’t have stolen the money. He was with me all morning.
Could have
Past unreal ability/possibility
She could have taken the flight.
They could have won the match.

13. Writing the modal verbs that you listening in this video.

14. Practise My son ___ be home by now. Where can he be?
a. Have to b. Would c. Should d. Could
I think your thumb is broken. You ___ go to the emergency room.
a. Might b. could c. ought to d. can
If you are interested in losing weight, you ______ try this new diet.
a. Could b. mustn’t c. don’t have to d. had to
Johnnie’s fallen down the stairs! I ________ call an ambulance!
a. Will b. might c. may d. ought to
You _______ come too early. We won’t leave until 9 o’clock.
a. Has to b. must c. needn’t d. can’t

15. Children ________ be accompanied by an adult at the zoo.
a. Ought to b. must c. would d. mustn’t
You _________ talk during tests. It’s forbidden!
a. don’t have to b. mustn’t c. couldn’t d. ought to
I can feel the heat. We _________ be near the fire.
a. Can b. would c. must d. have to
They ________ hear him because he was whispering.
a. Wouldn’t b. mustn’t c. shouldn’t d. couldn’t
You’ve never heard of Britney Spears! You ________ be serious!
a. Must b. had to c. can’t d. shouldn’t

16. __________ you like to have dinner with me tonight?
a. Could b. may c. should d. would
You _________ let him hear about the party tomorrow. It’s a surprise!
a. mustn’t b. wouldn’t c. couldn’t d. can
__________ I speak to the Chief of Police, please?
a. Must b. May c. Would d. Need
He has arrived late. He _______ missed the bus
a. Must have b. Should have c. Could have d. must

17. I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
Re-write the following sentences using modals so that they have the same meaning.
I suggest that you get a good lawyer!
You ___________________________________________
A university degree isn’t necessary for that job.
Perhaps my father will pick you up.
My father _______________________________________
Eating is forbidden in class!
should get a lawyer
needn’t have a university degree for that job don’t have to have a university…
may / might pick you up
mustn’t eat in class

18. Look at his dirty clothes! I’m sure he is a poor person.
I don’t believe that the legend of Hercules is true because there’re many contradictions.
The legend of Hercules ____________________________
must be a poor person
can’t be true

19. Speaking
Think about these situations and create a sentence using modals.
We are going to Paris for a weekend. (Make suggestions about things to do)
We start school in September. (Talk about necessity)
Margaret is a very talented sportswoman. (Talk about ability)
You have just won the lottery! (Talk about possibility)
Peter has got a headache and a congested nose. (Give him some advice)
You want to borrow your uncle’s Mercedes Benz. (Ask for permission politely)

20. Writing (homework)
Invents a story using some modal verbs