1. The Cardiovascular System By Abby Bush and Josie Bernstein

2. What is the Cardiovascular System? -It is a closed circulatory system, which has only blood vessels -It consists of: the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries -Responsible for transport

3. The Heart -consists of 4 chambers -the chambers are separated by a wall of muscle called a septum -the left ventricle is the largest and strongest of the chambers (it pushes the blood through the aortic valve and into the body) -consists of 4 valves: -the tricuspid -the pulmonary -the mitral -the aortic

4. What do the parts of a heart look like?

5. The Arteries -Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. -In pulmonary systems, the roles are opposite. -In the diagram to the right, the red veins carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart and the blue veins are carrying oxygen poor blood to the lungs. -Three layers of tissue: Tunica intima, Tunica media, and Tunica adventitia

6. The Capillaries -branch off from arterioles -venules take blood from the capillaries -red blood cells in the capillaries release their oxygen which goes into the surrounding tissue -in exchange, the tissue releases its waste, most often carbon dioxide (CO2)

7. Veins -Similar to arteries except they’re less powerful due to the transportation of blood being at a lower pressure. -Three layers: an outer layer of tissue, muscle in the middle, and a smooth inner layer of epithelial cells. -Veins receive oxygen from the Capillaries. -Vein valves are necessary to blood movement

8. Blood’s Composition -Plasma, Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

9. How does the cardiovascular system maintain homeostasis? -The simple clear way that the cardiovascular system maintains homeostasis is simply the heart beating continuously to maintain a the flow of blood. -Heat causes the capillaries to dilate. -The “fight-or-flight” response is also possible because of the Cardiovascular system. -Blood clotting is regulated through hemostasis: -as blood accumulates around a vessel, a hematoma presses against the vessel to stop the bleeding -platelets then come together and form a glue-like substance, creating a clot -Blood pressure is regulated through the management of cardiac output and the adjustment of blood vessel diameter

10. Cardiovascular Diseases -Hypertension: high-blood pressure -Atherosclerosis: build-up of soft masses beneath the inner lining of the arteries (cholesterol) -Stroke: A lack of oxygen causes a portion of the brain to die because of a blockage. -Heart Attack: Oxygen is unable to get to the heart

11. Images of Cardiovascular Diseases Atherosclerosis Stroke Heart Attack

12. Hypertension

13. Hypertension continued -Diastolic pressure: measures the pressure in your blood vessels when your heart rests -Systolic pressure: measures the pressure in your blood vessel when your heart beats

14. Problems with Hypertension

15. What is classified as high blood pressure? -Under age 45 a reading above 130/90 is hypertensive -Beyond age 45 a reading above 140/95 is hypertensive. -While both systolic and diastolic pressures are important, diastolic pressure is what is emphasized when medical treatment is being considered.

16. Treatment for Hypertension -Mild hypertension can be treated with simple changes in lifestyle like eating and working out -Stage 1 hypertension can be treated with thiazide diuretics -Stage 2 hypertension can be treated with a combination of both thiazide diuretics and an ACE inhibitor, an angiotensin receptor blocker, or a calcium channel blocker

17. Works Cited "Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System - Texas Heart Institute Heart Information Center." Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System - Texas Heart Institute Heart Information Center. 2015. Web. 12 May 2015.. "Blood Vessels." : Capillaries. The Franklin Institute. Web. 12 May 2015.. Mader, Sylvia S. Biology. 10th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. Print.