2. Numerical Systems Miss Chrishele Hruska Pre-Calculus, Grade 11 April 19, 2009 EDLT 302-Electronic Literacy Dr. David D. Carbonara Spring 2009 Start

3. Student Objectives The students will be able to write numbers in simple, multiplicative, and positional number systems after completing the Interactive PowerPoint to 100% correctness. The students will be ale to write numbers in base 20 and base 60 after completing the Interactive PowerPoint to 100% correctness. The students will be able to identify Egyptian Heiroglyphics, Mayan numerals, Babylonian Cuneiform, Ancient Chinese- Japanese numerals, and Attick Greek after completing the Interactive PowerPoint to 100% correctness. Directions

4. Directions Dear Student, Complete this Interactive PowerPoint to learn about different numerical systems. You will have three days to complete all of the slides. Don’t worry about getting a question wrong! You can always go back to review the previous slides and try again. Remember to record your answers to the questions on your worksheet that you will hand in. If you have any questions while you are completing the PowerPoint, please contact me before you move on. Good luck! Get started!

5. Numerical Systems Numerical systems are based on grouping systems that rely on certain bases.  Represent a useful set of numbers  Give every number represented a unique representation  Reflect the algebraic and arithmetic structure of the numbers Our numerical system is a base 10 system.  Can you think of different ways that we use a base 10 system everyday? Next

6. A base-5 system has been used in many cultures for counting. It originated from counting the number of fingers on a human hand. A base-8 system was devised by the Yuki tribe of Northern California, who used the spaces between the fingers to count, corresponding to the digits one through eight. Continue

7. There are many other bases that have been used in ancient times and in present day.  Base 5- South American Tribes  Base 20- Mayan  Base 60- Babylonian Cuneiform Can you think of things that are base 12 that we see everyday? Continue

8. From what did some early numeral systems originate? Calendars Fingers The Sun Successive Kings

9. Incorrect Answer! Go back and review Try Again! Here’s a hint! Think of base 5 and base 10 systems.

10. Correct Answer! Great job! Keep going! Next

11. Base 10 Systems Along with our modern number system that we use everyday, many other civilizations also use base 10 systems like the Egyptians, Ancient Chinese-Japanese, Attic Greek, and Romans. But how did our system come to be how it is today? Let’s Find Out!

12. Hindu-Arabic Number System As early as 250 B.C., the Hindus of India invented a new number system. The oldest preserved examples are found on stone columns erected in India by King Asoka. It is likely that traders and travelers of the Mediterranean coast introduced the new number system to the Arabs. In 711 A.D., the Arabs invaded Spain and the number system emerged into Europe. Next

13. The Arabs invaded Spain in 711 A.D., bringing their number system along with them. Continue http://www.acs.ucalgary.ca/~vandersp/Courses/maps/fullmap2.jpg

14. The early engravings do not have a zero or the positional notation. The Hindu-Arabic number system became popular because it was easier to write out calculations. Later, when zero and the positional system were developed, the Hindu-Arabic number system became superior than any of the other number systems being used at the time. ◦ Aryabhatta of Kusumapura who lived during the 5 th century developed the place value notation and Brahmagupta later introduced the symbol zero in the 6 th century. Let’s see what you’ve learned!

15. Why is our modern number system called the Hindu-Arabic number system? The Hindus and the Arabs developed the number system at the same exact time. The Hindus invented the number system, and then Arabs continued to spread it around Europe. The Hindus and the Arabs were at war with each other over the number system. The Arabs invented the number system and the Hindus stole it from them.

16. Incorrect Answer! Sorry, you didn’t get the question right. Here’s a hint: Remember who brought the number system to Spain during the conquest of 711 A.D. Go back and review Try Again!

17. Correct! Great Job! You’re ready to learn more about different number systems! Next

18. Simple Number Systems Many numeral systems are simple.  Simple means that there is a symbol for the base number, b, and also a symbol for b 2, b 3, b 4, etc.  A number is expressed by using these symbols additively, repeating the symbol a certain number of times. Examples of simple number systems are: Egyptian Hieroglyphics, Attic Greek, and Roman Numerals. Learn about Egyptian!

19. Egyptian Hieroglyphics This system was used in Egypt until the first century B.C. Hieroglyphics are based on a scale of 10 and consecutive bases of 10. There are symbols for 1, 10, 10 2,10 3,10 4, 10 5, and 10 6.  Multiples of these values were expressed by repeating the symbol as many times as needed Learn more!

20. Egyptian Hieroglyphics were used in Egypt throughout Persian rule in the 6 th and 5 th centuries B.C. and even after Alexander the Great’s conquest during the Macedonian and Roman periods. Learn more! http://www.iziko.org.za/sh/resources/egypt/images/map_e1_l.gif

21. Egyptian Hieroglyphics Symbols Here are the symbols that the Egyptians used for numbers. Now some examples!

22. Examples of numbers written in Egyptian Hieroglyphics 13 457 More…

23. More examples! 6, 123 10, 268 You Try!

24. A few things to remember… Whenever there are more than five of the same symbol, stack the symbols to save room Examples: You Try!

25. Write 342 in Egyptian Hieroglyphics. A B C D

26. Incorrect Answer. Here’s a hint! Remember to write in descending order! Go back and review Try Again!

27. Correct Answer! Great Job! You’re ready to move on to Attic Greek! Move on

28. Attic Greek Attic Greek was developed sometime before the third century B.C. Like Egyptian Hieroglyphics, there are symbols for 1, 10, 100, 1000, and 10,000. But, there is also a symbol for 5. Learn more!

29. Attic Greek was used until the 4th century BC, when it was replaced by Koine Greek, known as “the Common Dialect”. http://www.thucydides.netfirms.com/thucydi des/greece_ancient_sm.gif Next

30. Special use of 5 ( Γ ) Another special feature is that when there are more than 5 of the same symbol, Greeks used Γ with the symbol and wrote the remaining symbols. Examples  8 is written as  700 is written as Continue

31. Attic Green Symbols and Examples 34 ΔΔΔ |||| 617 H ΔΓ|| 2341 XXHHH Δ Δ Δ Δ| 10,135 MH ΔΔΔΓ http://www.jesus8880.com/chapters/gematria/images/Attic-Numerals.gif You Try!

32. What is HHH ΔΔΓ|| in our modern numeral system? 50,327 53,257 503, 212 5, 327

33. Incorrect Answer! Here’s a hint! Remember that when there are more than 5 of a symbol, the Γ is used to hang one, and then the rest of the symbols are written. Don’t forget that a Γ is also used for the number 5. Go Back and Review Try Again!

34. Correct Answer! Fantastic work! You’re doing great! Move on to Roman Numerals

35. Roman Numerals The last type of simple grouping system is Roman Numerals. Roman Numerals were the standard numbering system in Ancient Rome and Europe until around 900 AD, when the Hindu-Arabic system emerged. There is no symbol for 0 in Roman Numerals. Learn more!

36. Although the Roman numerals are now written with letters of the Roman alphabet, they were originally independent symbols. Next

37. Roman Numerals Learn the subtraction rule!

38. Subtraction Rule In modern times, the subtractive principle has become very common when writing Roman Numerals. ◦ I can precede only V or X  Examples  4 is written as IV  9 is written as IX ◦ X can precede only L or C  Examples  40 is written as XL  90 is written as XC ◦ C can precede only D or M  Examples  400 is written as CD  900 is written as CM Examples!

39. Examples of Roman Numerals 33 ◦ XXXIII 54 ◦ LIV 147 ◦ CXLVII 999 ◦ CMXCIX More

40. More Examples 1042 ◦ MXLII 2741 ◦ MMDCCXLI 3001 ◦ MMMI 5618 ◦ MMMMMDCXVIII Let’s see what you know!

41. You Try! What is 798 in Roman Numerals? DCCXCVIII CCCCCCCXCVIII DCCHCIIIIIIII CCMXCVIII

42. Incorrect Answer! Don’t give up! Try again! Here’s a hint! Don’t forget to use the subtraction rules! Go back and Review Try Again

43. Correct Answer! You are ready to move on to Multiplicative Number Systems! Keep going!

44. Multiplicative Number Systems In a multiplicative system, there are only symbols for 1-9, 10, 10 2, 10 3, etc. We need to first write the number in expanded form. ◦ Examples  54= 5 x 10 + 4  613= 6 x 10 2 + 1 x 10 + 3 So, we don’t need to have a number for 40. Instead, we can write it as 4 x 10. One example of a multiplicative system is that of the Ancient Chinese-Japanese. http://bbs.chinadaily.com.cn/attachments/month_0901/chinese-paper-cutting-40120141324284_qOeMAVE7WlRD.jpg Start

45. Ancient Chinese-Japanese Number System The traditional Chinese-Japanese number system has characters for the numerals 0 through 9, 10, 100, and 1000. Numbers are written in expanded form from top to bottom instead of left to right. Since this system has a symbol for 0, it is used as a place holder. Learn more!

46. http://www.earthquest.co.uk/china/chinamap.jphttp://www.earthquest.co.uk/china/chinamap.jp http://blog.asiahotels.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/japan_map.jpgg In 1899 a major discovery was made at the archaeological site at the village of Xiao dun.Thousands of bones and tortoise shells were discovered there which had been inscribed with ancient Chinese numerals. Archaeologists think that they date back to the Late Shang dynasty from the 14 th century BC. Continue

47. Ancient Chinese-Japanese Numerals 159 2610 37100 481000 Next

48. Writing Numbers in Ancient Chinese-Japanese First, write the number in expanded form. Then, fill in the symbols and remember to write the number vertically. 6813 = 6 x 1000 + 8 x 100 + 1 x 10 + 3 6 1000 8 100 10 3 Examples

49. Ancient Chinese-Japanese Examples 8,612 =8 x 1000 + 6 x 100 + 1 x 10 + 2 354 =3 x 100 + 5 x 10 + 4 You Try!

50. You try! What is in our modern number system? 912 9, 120 9, 121 9.12

51. Incorrect Answer! Here’s a hint! In the number 405, the tenths digit is a zero, instead of writing the symbol for zero, it is omitted! Try Again Go back and review

52. Correct Answer! Awesome work! Keep it up! Learn about Positional Number Systems

53. Positional Number Systems Before writing a number in positional numeral system, it is necessary to convert the number to a different base. If the base is b, there are basic symbols for 0, 1, 2, …b-1. These are called the digits. More

54. There are two civilizations that used positional number systems (other than our modern Hindu-Arabic system)  Mayan (base 20)  Babylonian Cuneiform (base 60) Sometimes, if the number in a position is bigger than 10, we use a comma to separate the digits.  Example- in a base 20 system, digits are from 0-19. It would be very confusing if the digits were 18, 19, and 5. If someone wrote 18195, no one would know where the distinct digits are. So, use commas to separate digits to eliminate confusion. Learn to compute in different bases

55. Converting to base 20 and 60 549 to base 20 549 to base 60 20 549 20 27 20 1 60 549 60 9 9 9 7 7 1 1 179 9 9 9 9 99 More conversions

56. More converting to base 20 and 60 20 2,367 20 118 20 5 60 2, 367 60 39 7 7 18 5 5 5, 18, 7 27 39 39, 27 Check your answer!

57. Check your answers! Check your answer by multiplying the number out like this: ◦ 179 in base 20  1 x 20 2 + 7 x 20 + 9 = 549 ◦ 99 in base 60  9 x 60 + 9 = 549 ◦ 5, 18, 7 in base 20  5 x 20 2 + 18 x 20 + 7 = 2367 ◦ 39, 27 in base 60  39 x 60 + 27 = 2367 You Try!

58. Convert 791 to base 20 1, 19, 11 11911 1, 20, 0 39.55

59. Incorrect Answer! Here’s a hint! Make sure to only use digits from 0 to 19! Go back and review! Try again!

60. Correct Answer! Wonderful! Keep up the great work! Convert to Base 60!

61. What is 791 in base 60? 18 13, 11 11, 13 13.18

62. Incorrect Answer! Here’s a hint! Make sure to write the remainders backwards! Go Back and Review Try Again!

63. Correct Answer! Good work! You’re ready to learn more about Babylonian Cuneiform! Learn now!

64. Babylonian Cuneiform The Babylonians used clay tablets to write with. They pressed into the wet clay with a stylus that was shaped like a triangle. Remember that the Babylonians used a base 60 system.  First, convert the number to base 60.  Only use digits from 0-59 when writing the numerals in cuneiform. Next

65. Knowledge of cuneiform was lost until 1835 A.D., when Henry Rawlinson, an English army officer, found inscriptions on a cliff at Behistun in Persia. http://kbagdanov.files.wordpress.com/2008/10/map-1.jpg Next

66. Pay attention to the way that the stylus is facing, different ways mean different numbers!  A triangle facing right is the symbol for 10.  A triangle pointing down is the symbol for 1.  A triangle pointing down beside a triangle facing the left is the symbol for subtraction. Keep going!

67. Why the subtraction sign?!?! The Babylonians decided to use the subtraction sign to limit the number of symbols being used. For example, it is easier and uses less symbols to write 10-1 than it is to write 9 1’s.  10-1  9 Let’s see some examples

68. 3 8 39 54 Here are some examples of numbers written in Babylonian Cuneiform. You Try! http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/sociopolitica/codex_magica/images/acodex_60.jpg

69. What is in our modern number system? 19 21 1.9 32

70. Incorrect Answer! http://www.timewarptrio.com/show/who/images/nebuchadnezzar.gif Remember that a triangle facing down beside a triangle facing right is a subtraction sign! Go back and review Try Again!

71. Correct Answer! Fabulous work! Keep going! http://karenswhimsy.com/public-domain-images/babylonians/images/babylonians-5.jpg&imgrefurl=http://karenswhimsy.com/babylonians.shtm&usg=__nXffwsv3oQaKFp11E- IcQVCBx9w=&h=705&w=600&sz=162&hl=en&start=5&sig2=U- mN4wGIn0_bMz_AZO_EVw&tbnid=8AUd1bIFrKPydM:&tbnh=140&tbnw=119&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dnebuchadnezzar%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX&ei=VfrkSditFarq lQe_js2lDg Move on to Mayan

72. Mayan Vegesimal system The Mayans used a base 20 system. During Spanish expeditions in the Yucatan in the early sixteenth-century, this number system was discovered. The numbers are written very simply with dots and dashes which probably originated as pebbles and sticks. Learn more!

73. The Mayans had a sophisticated number system, but a little complex because it is base 20. The Mayans probably chose five and twenty as the two bases of their system as there are five fingers on one hand, and twenty fingers and toes on one person. http://archives.zinester.com/13183/10640 4/159685_mayamap_L.gif Next

74. Mayan Numerals Notice that the numbers only range from 0 to 19 because the base is 20. Examples

75. 450 First, convert to base 20 = 2, 10 Examples 3,821 First, convert to base 20 = 9, 11, 1 More

76. More Examples 6 18 600 First, convert to base 20 = 1, 10, 0 You Try!

77. What is 687 in Mayan numerals?

78. Incorrect Answer! Don’t give up! Try again! Here’s a hint! Remember to first convert the number to base 20 and then write the remainders from bottom to top! Go Back and Review! Try Again!

79. Correct Answer! Fantastic! You’re doing great! Continue

80. You’re Finished! Good job! You should now be an expert on ancient and modern number systems! Make sure to turn in your worksheet with all of your answers to the questions on it. FINISH