3. Most notable advancements in the early development of mathematics: Mayans Babylonians Egyptians Greeks Chinese

4. Wrote on tablets Used two symbols for numbers Ones Tens Used a base 60 place system clocks (60 seconds, 60 minutes or 3600 seconds) circle (360°)

5. Tablet with numbers

7. 1 set of 3600 52 sets of 60 30 sets of 1 1 52 30 1 3600 = 3600 52 60 = 3120 30 1 = 30 6750

8. Try to write: 23 41 82 121 82 = 60 + 22 121 = 2 60 + 1

9. Babylonian multiplication concentrated on perfect squares (3)(4) = (3 + 4) 2 – 3 2 – 4 2 = 49 – 9 – 16 = 24 = 12 2 22

10. Simple grouping system (hieroglyphics) The Egyptians used the stick for 1 heel bone for 10 scroll for 100 lotus flower for 1,000 bent finger for 10,000 burbot fish for 100,000 astonished man for 1,000,000.

11. 3000 + 200 + 40 + 4 = 3244 What are the following values? 52 21,238

12. The Ancient Egyptians used a pencil and paper method for multiplication which was based on doubling and addition.

13. Write down 1 and 50 150 2100 4200 8400 16800 Work down, doubling the numbers, so that you’ve now got 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. lots of 53. Stop when the number of the left (16) is more than half of the other number you are multiplying (18). Look for numbers on the left that add up to 18 (2 and 16). Cross out the other rows of numbers. Add up the remaining numbers on the right to get the final answer. 900

14. 176 2152 Write 1 and 76, meaning 1 lot of 76. 4304 8608 161216 Work down, doubling the numbers, so that you’ve now got 2, 4, 8, 16, etc. lots of 76. Stop when the number of the left (32) is more than half of the other number you are multiplying (39). Look for numbers on the left that add up to 39 (1, 2, 4 and 32). Cross out the other rows of numbers. Add up the remaining numbers on the right to get the final answer. 2964 322432

15. This jar holds 17 litres of water. How much water will 25 jars hold? A potter makes 35 pots each month. How many will he make in a year? This chariot travels 23km in an hour. How far will it travel in 6 hours?

16. This demonstrates that we can add, subtract, multiply, and divide numbers in multiple ways and still get the same answer We have seen that different civilizations had different methods to handle basic arithmetic

17. 43 + 25 Add the tens (40 + 20) 60 Add the ones (3 + 5) Add the partial sums (60 + 8) + 8 68

18. 268 + 483 600 Add the hundreds ( 200 + 400) Add the tens (60 +80) 140 Add the ones (8 + 3) Add the partial sums (600 + 140 + 11) + 11 751

19. 7 8 + 4 8 1.Create a grid 2.Draw diagonals 3.Add each column, placing the tens digit in the upper half of the cell and the ones digit in the bottom half of the cell 4.Add along each diagonal and record any regroupings in the next diagonal 1 6 1 1 621

20. The opposite change rule says that if a value is added to one of the numbers, then subtract the value from the other number 88 + 36 +2 - 2 90 + 34 +10 - 10 100 + 24 124

21. Let’s look at some different methods to subtract numbers We are familiar with the basic borrowing methods, but did you know we can subtract by adding?

22. 1. Place the smaller number at the bottom of the hill and the larger at the top. 2. Start with 14, add to the next friendly number. (14+6=20) 3. Start with 20, add to the next friendly number. (20+10=30) 4. Start with 30, add to get 38. (30+8=38) Record the numbers added at each interval: (6+10+8=24) 38 – 14 =

23. 1.Replace each digit to be subtracted with its nines complement, and then add 2.Delete the leading 1 3.Add 1 to the final result 75 – 38 37 75 + 61 136 +1

24. Let’s look at some different methods to multiply numbers We have already seen two methods to multiply beyond our current procedure (Babylonian method of squares and the Egyptian method of doubles. Let’s look at a few more.

25. Multiply 20 X 60 (tens by tens) 27 X 64 Multiply 60 X 7 (tens by ones) 1,200 420 80 28 Multiply 4 X 20 (ones by tens) Multiply 7 X 4 (ones by ones) Add the results + 1,728 When multiplying by “Partial Products,” you must first multiply parts of these numbers, then you add all of the results to find the answer. (20+7) (60+4)

26. 25 x 47 = 1.Create a grid 2.Draw diagonals 3.Copy one digit across top of grid and the other along the right side 4.Multiply each digit in the top factor by each digit in the side factor, placing the tens digit in the upper half of the cell and the ones digit in the bottom half of the cell 5.Add along each diagonal and record any regroupings in the next diagonal 2 0 0 8 57 1 3 5 1 4 25 4 7 1 1 1,175

27. We can often perform basic arithmetic in our head faster than we can by writing it down or plugging it into a calculator. We need to recognize certain patterns to help the process.

28. We can add large set of numbers quickly by grouping values that add to ten 52 47 63 28 + 16 10 6 26 6 2 10 20

29. We can multiply by four simply by doubling the value twice: 37 x 4 74 double double again 148 115 x 4 230 double double again 460

30. We can multiply by five simply by multiplying by ten and then take half: 42 x 5 420 multiply by 10 take half 210 73 x 5 730 multiply by 10 take half 365

31. We can multiply by eleven by keeping the first and last digit and then adding digits that are next to each other to get the rest of the digits 35 x 11 = 3 58 3+5 142 x 11 = 1 25 1+4 4+2 6

32. Keep in mind that there is more than one way to get to the correct answer. We have shown you a few different methods to add, subtract and multiply, but there are many other methods. Try these or other methods to see if you like them. Perhaps you can invent your own.