1. Toward a New Worldview
Chapter 18

2. Chapter Overview
Scientist and Intellectual transform people’s understanding of their universe and their place in it.
They ask questions & create methods for answering
Scientific revolution
Replaced medieval reliance on authorities
Experimentation
Observation
Mathematical analysis
Enlightenment
Light of reason to society
Social science
Economics
Psychology
Political science
Characteristics
Reason & rationalism
Belief in human progress – materially & intellectually
Profound secularism
Deep commitment to limited gov & human liberty

3. Key Concepts Scientific Revolution 1540 Enlightenment Philosophies
Overturned Aristotelian physics & Ptolemaic
Copernicus advocated the heliocentric theory of the solar system- proved by Galileo & Kepler
Governments estab science societies
Newton discovered the universal law of gravitation
Enlightenment Philosophies
Centered in France
Fostered by conversations held at salons – well-to-do women
Used reason to examine their own societies
Discovered the scientific laws of human life
Opposed censorship, religious/political persecution & autocratic gov
individual rights & intellectual freedom were crucial for advancement
Reforms
Banning of torture
Reduction in the number of capital crimes
Religious toleration
Reduction of mercantilist restrictions
Burdens of serfdom

4. Scientific Thought
Scientific thought in the early 1500s was based on ancient and medieval ideas.
European notions about the universe were based on Aristotelian principles.
A chief feature of this view was the belief in a motionless, static earth at the center of the universe.
Ten crystal spheres moved around the earth.

5. The Scientific Revolution 16th century
Nicolaus Copernicus ( )
heliocentric view (refutes the Medieval geocentric view): earth revolves around the sun
By the early 16th century, the Catholic Church viewed Copernicus‘ theory as heretical
Tycho Brahe ( ) – Built best observatory in Europe and compiled a mass of scientific data from observations of the heavens
Data used later by Kepler, Galileo and others
Johann Kepler ( ) – 3 laws of planetary motion: orbits are elliptical

6. Copernican System
This illustration of the Copernican System from the published text of Copernicus's treatise On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres (1543) shows the earth and the planets revolving around the sun. Copernicus challenged traditional astronomy and its earth-centered universe. (Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY)

7. The Copernican Hypothesis
Copernicus overturned the medieval view of the universe.
He proposed that the earth revolved around the sun and that the sun was the center of the universe.
This heliocentric view was a departure from the medieval view endorsed by both Catholic and Protestant churchmen.

8. Medicine:
Scientists began challenging Greco-Roman medical authority (esp. Galen-2nd c. AD)
Andreas Vesalius ( )
The Structure of the Human Body (1543): renewed and modernized study of anatomy
William Harvey ( ):
On the Movement of the Heart and Blood (1628)-- blood circulation
Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( ):
developed powerful microscopes
First to see and write about bacteria, yeast plants, living organisms in a drop of water and the circulation of blood corpuscles in capillaries.

9. Scientific Revolution 17th century
Galileo Galilei ( ) – used the telescope to prove Copernicus‘s heliocentric theory
Forced by the Roman Inquisition to retract his support of the Copernican theory
Also developed laws of motion
Scientific Method
Bacon‘s inductive method, coupled with Descartes deductive reason formed the backbone of the modern scientific method.
Francis Bacon ( )
• empiricism: first-hand study of scientific subjects
• inductive method: scientific conclusion is reached after much observation

10. Galileo
This 1624 engraved portrait by Ottavio Mario Leoni ( ) of Galileo Galilei ( ) shows the Italian scientist in full vigor at age 60, before he was hounded by the Roman Inquisition. (Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum)

11. Galileo's moon paintings
When Galileo Galilei ( ) published the results of his telescopic observations of the moon, he added these paintings to illustrate the marvels he'd seen. (Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale, Florence/Art Resource, NY)

12. Scientific Method
Bacon‘s inductive method, coupled with Descartes deductive reason formed the backbone of the modern scientific method.
Francis Bacon ( )
empiricism: first-hand study of scientific subjects
inductive method: scientific conclusion is reached after much observation

13. Developed analytical geometry
Rene Descartes ( )
deductive method: conclusion is reached by logic
v ―I think, therefore I am‖ (cognito ergo sum)
Believed science must:
start with clear and incontrovertible facts
subdivide each problem into as many parts as necessary, using a step-by-step logical sequence
Cartesian dualism: divided all existence into the spiritual and the material
The spiritual can only be examined through deductive reasoning (logic)
The material is subject to the experimental method
Developed analytical geometry
Sir Isaac Newton ( ): Principia – law of universal gravitation
Incorporated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo into an overarching theory explaining order and design to the universe.
This view came to be the foundation of the Enlightenment view of God: deism

14. Newton’s Synthesis Newton synthesized the integral parts into a whole.
Newton integrated the astronomy of Copernicus and Kepler with the physics of Galileo.
He formulated a set of mathematical principles to explain motion.
At the core of Newton’s theory was the universal law of gravitation.

15. Madame du Chatelet
Gabrielle-Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, marquise du Chatelet ( ) was an intellectually gifted women from the high aristocracy with a passion for science. She was fascinated by the new world system of Isaac Newton. She helped to spread Newton's ideas in France by translating his Principia and by influencing Voltaire, her companion for fifteen years until her death. (Giraudon/Art Resource, NY)

16. Causes of the Scientific Revolution
Medieval universities had provided the framework for the new view.
The Renaissance stimulated science by rediscovering ancient mathematics.
Better ways of obtaining knowledge about the world, including improved tools such as telescopes and sextants, improved the scientific method.
Bacon advocated empirical, experimental research.
Descartes emphasized deductive reasoning and was the first to graph equations.

17. Some Consequences of the Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution helped create the international scientific community.
It resulted in the development of the scientific method.
The Scientific Revolution had few economic and social consequences for the masses until the eighteenth century.
leads to
Enlightenment
Clash with religion
Agricultural Revolution
Improvement in exploration
Decline in witch hunts

18. Memory Device for Scientific Revolution:
C ops Copernicus
B ring Brahe
K ids Kepler
G reat Galileo
B ig Bacon
D onuts Descartes
N ow Newton