2. A. The Ottoman Empire  The Ottoman Turks became the leaders of the Islamic world in the Middle East and Europe.

3. A. The Ottoman Empire  Decline of the Seljuks 1. Seljuk leaders fought among themselves. 2. When a ruler die, the Seljuks divided his province among his sons.Seljuks 3. By the time Mughal warriors from Asia crossed Russia and invaded Persia in 1243, the Seljuks were a in state of disunity

4. A. The Ottoman Empire  The Ottoman Turks 1. The Ottoman Empire replaced the remaining Seljuk Empire in Asia Minor.Asia Minor. 2. The Ottomans soon expanded beyond their Seljuk border and conquered Byzantine territories.Byzantine 3. In 1354, Ottoman troops seized the European part of modern day Turkey.

5. A. The Ottoman Empire  Fall of Constantinople 1. Finally in 1435, the Ottoman Sultan Muhammad II, also known as as Mehmet II, conquered Constantinople. 2. Muhammad had 70 warships disassembled and moved over the land from the Bosporus Waterway. 3. As Byzantine soldiers marched north to defend the city, troops of nearly 200,000 Ottoman soldiers marched to the city’s landward side on the west.

6. A. The Ottoman Empire  Suleiman the Magnificent 1. The greatest Ottoman sultan was Suleiman. 2. He was an effective general who pushed even deeper into Europe. 3. He also extended Turkic rule west through much of Hungary to the borders of Austria.

7. A. The Ottoman Empire  Ottoman Culture 1. The Ottomans divided their people into four social classes. 2. The men of the sword and the men of the pen were mainly all Muslims. 3. The Ottomans required Christians to give their sons to the Sultan to train as soldiers or government officals.

8. A. The Ottoman Empire  The Decline of the Ottoman Empire. 1. The Ottoman Empire showed the first signs of weakness in the late 1700’s. 2. In the 1800’s, Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire. 3. The empire lost territories to France and Great Britain

9. B. The Safavid Empire  The Safavid Empire spanned a broad region of Persia and was controlled by Shiite Muslims. Shiite

10. B. The Safavid Empire  Shah Abbas I 1. The Safavid height of power came during the region of the shah, or king, named Abbas I. 2. He fought Portugal and Spain to keep them out of Islamic areas. 3. In 1598, Abbas made Isfahan his capital, where he built religious monuments, mosques, and palaces.

11. B. The Safavid Empire  Decline of the Safavid Empire 1. The Safavid Empire declined after the death of Shah Abbas I in 1629. 2. One possible cause of the decline was the pressure from Ottoman armies. 3. Finally, A group of Afghan Sunni Muslims rebelled and captured Isfahan.Sunni

12. The Seljuks  The Seljuks were nomads from Turkmenistan who entered the Abbasid empire around 950 AD and gradually converted to Sunni Islam. By 1030 they were beginning to try to get power for themselves, and they soon conquered the Ghaznavids and controlled most of Persia (modern Iran). Their capital was at Isfahan. Like the Ghaznavids, the Seljuks spoke Persian and encouraged Persian Culture

13. The Shiite  In the lifetime of the Prophet Mohammed, and for some years afterwards, Islam was a united faith. But by the 650's AD, Islam had split into two main sects which fought bitterly with each other. These two sects were called the Shiites and the Sunnis. Both Sunnis and Shiites still exist today and they are still fighting.

14. The Sunni  However, when the Ghaznavids and then the Seljuks and Ayyubids took over from 950 onwards, they were Sunnis, and from that time on the majority and rulers of the Islamic Empire have generally been Sunnis, except in the center of West Asia (modern Iran and Iraq), where Shiites are the majority

15. Asia Minor  The ancient name for the peninsula in the extreme west of Asia that is now called Anatolia and forms the greater part of Turkey. It is a largely fertile country which was inhabited from earliest times by a variety of tribes from Asia and Europe. In the second millennium BC it was the centre of the Hittite empire.

16. The Byzantine  It began as the city of Byzantium, which had grown from an ancient Greek colony founded on the European side of the Bosporus. The city was taken in ad 330 by Constantine I, who refounded it as Constantinople. The area at this time was generally termed the Eastern Roman Empire. The fall of Rome in 476 ended the western half of the Roman Empire; the eastern half continued as the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as its capital. The eastern realm differed from the west in many respects.