1. Cell Reproduction Cell Reproduction

2. QSR #6?? 1. _________ is the process by which cells divide to make more cells. 1. _________ is the process by which cells divide to make more cells. 2. Your _______ cells divide most often while your ______ cells almost never divide. 2. Your _______ cells divide most often while your ______ cells almost never divide. 3. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are found in the _______, but in prokaryotic cells they are found in the ____________. 3. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are found in the _______, but in prokaryotic cells they are found in the ____________.

3. Cell Reproduction Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce Cell division is the process by which cells reproduce Chromosomes: rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins Chromosomes: rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins

5. Chromatids One single strand of the chromosome One single strand of the chromosome Held together by a centromere Held together by a centromere

6. Cell Cycle Cell Cycle Sequence of growth and division of a cell – the life cycle of a cell Sequence of growth and division of a cell – the life cycle of a cell Apoptosis: cellular deathApoptosis: cellular death Figure2.14 – In the embryo, fingers and toes are carved from webbed structures. In syndactyly, normal apoptosis, fails to carve the digits and webbing occursFigure2.14 – In the embryo, fingers and toes are carved from webbed structures. In syndactyly, normal apoptosis, fails to carve the digits and webbing occurs

8. CELL CYCLE

9. A. Interphase 1. Resting phase because it is not dividing but it can be getting ready for division 1. Resting phase because it is not dividing but it can be getting ready for division 2. performing everyday, normal functions 2. performing everyday, normal functions 3. Can be divided into 3 stages 3. Can be divided into 3 stages G1G1 S G2G2

10. B. G1 phase (Gap 1) 1.Growth phase 1.Growth phase 2.Grows rapidly 2.Grows rapidly 3.Carries out routine functions 3.Carries out routine functions

11. C. S phase Synthesis of DNA Synthesis of DNA DNA is copied DNA is copied

12. D. G2 phase (Gap 2) 1.Growth and Prep for Mitosis 1.Growth and Prep for Mitosis 2.organelles replicates 2.organelles replicates (Doubling everything to prepare for mitosis) (Doubling everything to prepare for mitosis)

13. Cells divide at different rates: Cells divide at different rates: Cell type Approximate life span Cell type Approximate life span Skin cells2 weeksSkin cells2 weeks Red blood cell4 monthsRed blood cell4 months Liver cell 300-500 daysLiver cell 300-500 days Intestinal cells4-5 daysIntestinal cells4-5 days Muscle/other cells16 yearsMuscle/other cells16 years Brain cellsmaybe neverBrain cellsmaybe never ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

14. Mitosis Process in which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each with the same kind of chromosomes Process in which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei, each with the same kind of chromosomes

15. Interphase Chromosomes are replicated Chromosomes are replicated Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at the end of this phase Chromosomes appear as threadlike coils (chromatin) at the start, but each chromosome and its copy (sister chromosome) change to sister chromatids at the end of this phase ***Remember: sister chromatids are held together by a centromere.***Remember: sister chromatids are held together by a centromere.

16. " Intellegent People Meet At Three O'Clock" The Stages of the cell cycle

17. Prophase Mitosis begins in this phase Mitosis begins in this phase Centrioles (poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell. Centrioles (poles) appear and begin to move to opposite ends of cell. Spindle fibers form between the poles Spindle fibers form between the poles CHROMATIN condenses (coils up) into CHROMOSOMES CHROMATIN condenses (coils up) into CHROMOSOMES The nuclear envelope starts to break up The nuclear envelope starts to break up the Nucleolus disappears the Nucleolus disappears

18. Metaphase Chromatids or pairs of chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers Chromatids or pairs of chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers the Chromosomes line up at the “Middle” of the cell the Chromosomes line up at the “Middle” of the cell

19. Anaphase Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell Centromere divides Centromere divides

21. Telophase Two new nuclei form Two new nuclei form Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) Chromosomes appear as chromatin (threads rather than rods) Nuclear envelope & nucleolus reforms Nuclear envelope & nucleolus reforms

22. Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm Division of the cytoplasm Cell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus, identical chromosomes, and a total of 46 chromosomes eachCell membrane moves inward to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus, identical chromosomes, and a total of 46 chromosomes each Microscope: fish blastodisc (white fish) mitosis, onion tip mitosis, ascaris mitosis (parasite – intestinal roundworm)Microscope: fish blastodisc (white fish) mitosis, onion tip mitosis, ascaris mitosis (parasite – intestinal roundworm)

30. What phase and Why?

39. Animated mitosis Animated mitosis

40. Mitosis, Mitosis Amelia Arellano Mitosis, Mitosis divided into four stages. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase. Prophase Prophase, Nucleus breaks down Metaphase, Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the center. Anaphase, Anaphase chromosomes moving to the opposite poles. Telophase, Telophase envelop forms And the spindle fiber begin to disappear Mitosis, Mitosis divided into four stages. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase. Prophase Prophase, Nucleus breaks down Metaphase, Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the center. Anaphase, Anaphase chromosomes moving to the opposite poles. Telophase, Telophase envelop forms And the spindle fiber begin to disappear

41. Results of Mitosis Cells Cells Tissues Tissues musclemuscle Organs Organs stomachstomach Organ system Organ system Digestive systemDigestive system Organism Organism

42. Stem cells Undifferentiated/ blank cell Undifferentiated/ blank cell Can be developed into a variety of different cells Can be developed into a variety of different cells Ex: embryonic stem cell can give rise to almost any cell Ex: embryonic stem cell can give rise to almost any cell Ex: Adult stem cells can give rise to related cells Ex: Adult stem cells can give rise to related cells Why is stem cell research so important? Why is stem cell research so important?

43. Cell Differentiation Cells become specialized to perform specific functions…liver cells, skin cells, etc. Cells become specialized to perform specific functions…liver cells, skin cells, etc. Is based on location in an embryo Is based on location in an embryo Outer– skin, brain, spinal cordOuter– skin, brain, spinal cord Middle– bones, muscles, kidneysMiddle– bones, muscles, kidneys Inner– internal organs (pancreas, stomach, etc.)Inner– internal organs (pancreas, stomach, etc.)

44. Asexual Reproduction Creation of an offspring with only one parent Creation of an offspring with only one parent Ex: Binary Fission Ex: Binary Fission a form of mitosisa form of mitosis – division into 2 equal parts– division into 2 equal parts **** (done in prokaryotic cells) **** **** (done in prokaryotic cells) **** Genetically identical to parent Genetically identical to parent Ex: bacteria, some plants (stem cutting), sea star Ex: bacteria, some plants (stem cutting), sea star How is this different from sexual reproduction? How is this different from sexual reproduction? ###################### ######################

45. QSR #8 1. Fill in the blanks to make the correct order: cells, ______, ______, 1. Fill in the blanks to make the correct order: cells, ______, ______, systems, _________. systems, _________. 2. _____ cells are undifferentiated meaning they ____________ and can become other types of cells. 2. _____ cells are undifferentiated meaning they ____________ and can become other types of cells. 3. Cell differentiation depends on the location of the cells inside the ______. If they are in the outer layer they can become ________, middle layer________, inner layer________. 3. Cell differentiation depends on the location of the cells inside the ______. If they are in the outer layer they can become ________, middle layer________, inner layer________. 4. How are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells? 4. How are embryonic stem cells different from adult stem cells?

46. Cancer Cancer Cancer Uncontrolled Mitosis/Cell DivisionUncontrolled Mitosis/Cell Division Enzymes (proteins) monitor a cell’s progress from phase to phaseEnzymes (proteins) monitor a cell’s progress from phase to phase

47. Cancer Caused by damaged genes Caused by damaged genes Cancerous (malignant) cells form masses of tissueCancerous (malignant) cells form masses of tissue Tumors Tumors Deprive normal cells of nutrientsDeprive normal cells of nutrients Spread throughout the bodySpread throughout the body Metastasis (cancer cells break away, get into blood stream, and spread) Metastasis (cancer cells break away, get into blood stream, and spread)

48. Cause of Cancers 1. Environmental factors (Carcinogens) – damage genes 1. Environmental factors (Carcinogens) – damage genes Cigarette smoke, air pollutants, UV radiationCigarette smoke, air pollutants, UV radiation 2. Genetic 2. Genetic 3. Viral Infections 3. Viral Infections 4. Different types of cancers in different parts of 4. Different types of cancers in different parts of the world the world Breast cancerBreast cancer High US High US Low Japan Low Japan Stomach cancerStomach cancer High in China High in China Low in US Low in US

49. Cancer Prevention Diet Diet Low in fatLow in fat High in fiberHigh in fiber

50. Cancer Prevention Healthy Exercise and NO TOBACCO products!!!! Healthy Exercise and NO TOBACCO products!!!! Vitamins and mineral Vitamins and mineral YellowYellow OrangeOrange A C E CaCa