1. Cardiovascular system

2. General TThe cardiovascular system is a series of tubes and a muscular pump that provides a ONE-WAY street for blood, oxygen, and nutrients. BBlood and nutrients travel through blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).

3.  The cardiovascular system is fueled by a muscular pump called the heart. The heart is actually two pumps connected by a SEPTUM.  The right side of the heart pumps blood that is deficient in oxygen to the lungs [Pulmonary Circulation].  The left side of the heart pumps blood that is rich in oxygen to the body [Systemic Circulation].

4. The cardiovascular system

5. Roots pertaining to the cardiovascular system Angi/o Vas/o vesselAngiogram (record) Vasospasm (twitching) aort/oaortaAortostenosis (narrowing) Arterio/oarteryArteriosclerosis (condition of hardening) Ather/oFatty plaqueAtheroma Atri/oatriumAtrial Cardi/oheartCardiomegaly (enlargement) Electr/oelectricElectrocardiogram (record of electric)

6. Phleb/o Ven/o veinPhlebitis Venous Thromb/oBlood clotThrombolysis (destruction of a clot) Ventricul/oVentricle (brain or heart) Interventricular septum (wall between the two ventricles)

7. The Heart TThe heart has three distinct layers of tissue. 1. endocardium - deepest layer. 2. myocardium - muscle 3. epicardium - outermost layer

8.  The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood and is enclosed in a membranous sac. This sac allows the heart to beat without friction.  This sac is called the Pericardium. Peri- means “around”, cardium refers to the heart.

9.  There are two sides of the heart.  There are two vertical divisions of the heart.  The top compartments are atria  The bottom compartments are ventricles  Therefore, there are right and left atria and right and left ventricles.

10. Heart Chambers Right Atrium Left Atrium Right Ventricle Left Ventricle Apex  Abbreviations for chambers: Right atrium RA Right ventricle RV Left atrium LA Left ventricle LV

11.  The ventricles are larger than the atria. This is because the ventricles are responsible for pumping blood a farther distance than the atria.  Of the two ventricles, the left is larger than the right. This is because the left ventricle must pump blood to the entire body.

12.  A rapid contraction of the atrium or ventricle is known as a flutter.  Atrial flutter can cause chest pain and shortness of breath (SOB).  The rule for forming plural words from the singular that end in –um is to drop the –um and add an –a.

13.  Arteries bring blood AWAY from the heart.  Veins bring blood TOWARD the heart.  Arteries usually carry blood with much oxygen.  Veins usually carry blood with little oxygen.  The Right Atrium receives blood from all tissues of the body through veins. This blood is oxygen poor.

14.  The blood brought back to the heart comes from three sources: 1. Superior Vena Cava (Svc) brings blood from the top part of the body. 2. Inferior Vena Cava (Ivc) brings blood from the lower part of the body. 3. Coronary Sinus brings blood from the heart muscle. All three sources empty into the Right Atrium.

15. OOnce inside the right atrium, the blood must travel to the right ventricle. In order to do this, it must pass through the Tricuspid Valve. TThe function of all heart valves is to allow one way travel of blood. IIt would be dangerous to have blood backflow because of different oxygen concentrations.

16. Heart Valves Apex Left Right Tricuspid Mitral Pulmonary Artery Aorta Vena Cava Pulmonary Veins

17. OOnce inside the right ventricle, the blood passes through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries. TThe pulmonary arteries carry oxygen- deficient blood to the lungs. OOnce inside the lungs, the blood vessels branch until they reach one cell layer thick. These capillaries combine with the alveoli of the lungs for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

18. TThe blood now has much oxygen. It returns to the heart by the Pulmonary Veins. There are four pulmonary veins that empty into the Left Atrium. TThe blood then must pass through the Mitral Valve (Bicuspid Valve) into the left ventricle. FFrom the left ventricle the blood passes through the Aortic Semilunar Valve in the Aorta. TThe aorta is the largest artery of the body.

19.  The contraction of the left ventricle sends blood rich in oxygen all over the body.  There are three arteries that bring blood to the head, neck, and upper extremities.  There is one major vessel that brings blood to the abdomen and lower extremities.  Arteries are the large vessels that bring blood away from the heart. These vessels branch into smaller Arterioles which eventually branch into Capillaries which are only one cell thick.

20.  The primary responsibility for initiating the heartbeat is with the Sinoatrial Node. This is located on the posterior wall of the right atrium.  Once this electric current is generated, atrial muscle contracts forcing blood into the ventricles.  Once this occurs the heartbeat moves to another region called the Atrioventricular Node.

21.  Once this occurs, the AV node sends electrical impulses through a series of Bundle Branches ending in Purkinje Fibers that stimulate the ventricles to contract.

22. Blood Supply to Heart  Coronary Artery System  right coronary  left coronary  left anterior descending  circumflex

23. The Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds  The Cardiac Cycle is the events that occur in one complete heartbeat.  The cardiac cycle has 2 phases: 1. contraction of the heart: Systole 2. relaxation of the heart: Diastole

24.  Systolic The blood pressure when the heart is contracting. It is specifically the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The time at which ventricular contraction occurs is called systole.  Diastolic Referring to the time when the heart is in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expansion).

25.  Electrical activity of the heart can be measured by an electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG).  EKG’s are electrical tracings of each part of the cardiac cycle.  Each time a different part of the heart contracts, an electrical impulse can be recorded from different areas on the thorax. Electrocardiogram

26. Clinical aspects of the cardiovascular system

27.  Hypertension The elevation of arterial blood pressure to a level that is likely to cause damage to the cardiovascular system  Hypotension Lower than normal arterial blood pressure  Orthostatic hypotension Low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up

28.  Microcardia Small heart  Cardiomegaly (megalocardia) Enlargement of heart  Myocardial Infarction (MI) Heart attack

29.  Cardiomegaly The abnormal enlargement of the heart  Cardiomyopathy The term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle  Carditis An inflammation of the heart  Coronary arteries Supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium  Coronary artery disease Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle

30.  Angiitis The inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel  Angina A condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium  Angiostenosis The abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel

31.  Pericarditis An inflammation of the pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac  Phlebitis The inflammation of a vein

32.  Arrhythmia Describes an abnormality, or the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heart  Arteriectomy The surgical removal the surgical removal of part of an artery  Endocarditis An inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

33.  Plaque A fatty deposit that is similar to the buildup of rust inside a pipe  Atheroma A deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall  Arteriosclerosis Any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls

34.  The prefix “tachy-” refers to rapid. a rapid heartbeat (pulse): tachycardia  The prefix “brady-” refers to slow. a slow heartbeat (pulse): bradycardia

35.  Tachycardia An abnormally rapid resting heart rate  Bradycardia An abnormally slow resting heart rate  Cardiac arrest An event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood

36. Peri/cardi/ectomy - sx procedure excising the pericardium. Peri/cardi/o/rraphy - suturing a wound of the pericardium. My/o/cardi/um - the muscular layer of the heart.

37.  Atherosclerosis is a form of Arteriosclerosis and is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fat and fibrous tissue (scarring) in a blood vessel.  This leads to a narrowing of the lumen which causes a decrease in blood flow to a part of the body  This condition can lead to necrosis, or cellular death. Atherosclerosis

39.  To prevent blood clots, patients may take an anticoagulant. These are agents that delay blood coagulation (clotting).  Anticoagulants are used to prevent thrombus formation (thrombogenesis).  Thrombolysis is accomplished with thrombolytic agents or medications that destroy a clot.

40.  Cardiac catheterization A diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart  Atherectomy The surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

41.  Aneurysm A localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery  There are two types of aneursym: 1. Fusiform – the wall dilates equally resulting in a tubular swelling. 2. Sacculated – a balloon is attached to the vessel by a narrow stalk.

42.  Aneurysm/ectomy The surgical removal of an aneurysm

43.  Ischemia A condition in which there is an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow to a part of the body  Ischemic heart disease A group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart

44.  Thrombus A blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein  Thrombosis The abnormal condition of having a thrombus  Coronary thrombosis Damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery

45.  Deep vein thrombosis The condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein  Embolism The sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus  Embolus A foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood