1. Objectives Evaluate expressions containing square roots.
Classify numbers within the real number system.

2. Vocabulary square root terminating decimal
perfect square repeating decimal
real numbers irrational numbers
natural numbers
whole numbers
integers
rational numbers

3. A number that is _____________to form a
product is called a square root of that product.
The operations of squaring and finding a square
root are _____________
The radical symbol , is used to represent square roots. Positive real numbers have two
square roots.
= 4
Positive square
root of 16
4  4 = 42 = 16
(–4)(–4) = (–4)2 = 16 –
= –4
Negative square
root of 16

4. The nonnegative square root is represented by
The nonnegative square root is represented by The negative square root is represented by – .
A perfect square is a number whose positive square root is a whole number. Some examples of perfect squares are shown in the table. 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81
100 02 12 22 32 42 52 62 72 82 92
102

5. The expression does not represent
a real number because there is no real number that can be multiplied by itself to form a product of –36.
Reading Math

6. Example 1: Finding Square Roots of
Perfect Squares
Find each square root. A.
Think: What number squared equals 16?
42 = 16
Positive square root positive 4.
= 4 B.
Think: What is the opposite of the
square root of 9?
32 = 9
= –3
Negative square root negative 3.

7. Example 1C: Finding Square Roots of
Perfect Squares
Find the square root.
Think: What number squared equals ? 25 81
Positive square root positive . 5 9

8. Check It Out! Example 1
Find the square root.
1a.
Think: What number squared
equals 4?
1b.
Think: What is the opposite of the square root of 25? .

9. The square roots of many numbers like , are not whole numbers
The square roots of many numbers like , are not whole numbers. A calculator can approximate the value of as Without a calculator, you can use square roots of perfect squares to help estimate the square roots of other numbers.

10. Example 2: Problem-Solving Application
As part of her art project, Shonda will
need to make a square covered in glitter.
Her tube of glitter covers 13 square
inches. What is the greatest side length
Shonda’s square can have?
Understand the problem 1
The answer will be the side length of the
square.
List the important information:
• The tube of glitter can cover an area of 13 square inches.

11. Example 2 Continued 2
Make a Plan
The side length of the square is because
13.
Because 13 is not a perfect
square, is not a whole number. Estimate
to the nearest tenth. = 
Find the two whole numbers that is
between. Because 13 is between the perfect
squares 0 and is between and
, or between 3 and 4.

12. Because 13 is closer to 16 than to 9, is closer to 4 than to 3.
Example 2 Continued
Because 13 is closer to 16 than to 9,
is closer to 4 than to 3. 3 4
You can use a guess-and-check
method to estimate

13. Example 2 Continued Solve 3 Guess 3.6: 3.62 = 12.96 too low
is greater than 3.6.
Guess 3.7: = too high
is less than 3.7. 3
3.6
3.7 4
Because 13 is closer to than to 13.69, is closer to 3.6 than to 3.7.
 3.6

14. Example 2 Continued
Look Back 4
A square with a side length of 3.6 inches
would have an area of square inches.
Because is close to 13, 3.6 inches
is a reasonable estimate.

15. All numbers that can be represented on a number line are called real numbers and can be classified according to their characteristics.

16. Natural numbers are the counting numbers: 1, 2, 3, …
Whole numbers are the natural numbers and zero:
0, 1, 2, 3, …
Integers are whole numbers and their opposites: –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …
Rational numbers can be expressed in the form ,
where a and b are both integers and b ≠ 0: , , . a b 1 2 7 9 10

17. Terminating decimals are rational numbers in
decimal form that have a finite number of digits:
1.5, 2.75, 4.0
Repeating decimals are rational numbers in
decimal form that have a block of one or more
digits that repeat continuously: 1.3, 0.6, 2.14
Irrational numbers cannot be expressed in the form . They include square roots of whole numbers that are not perfect squares and nonterminating decimals that do not repeat: ,
,  a b

18. Example 3: Classifying Real Numbers
Write all classifications that apply to each
Real number.
A. –32
B. 5

19. Check It Out! Example 3
Write all classifications that apply to each real number.
3a. 7 4 9
3b. –12
3c.

20. Lesson Quiz
Find each square root. 1. 2. 3. 4.
5. The area of a square piece of cloth is 68 in2.
How long is each side of the piece of cloth?
Round your answer to the nearest tenth of an
inch.
Write all classifications that apply to each real number.
6. 1
7. –3.89 8.