2.  Websites :  www.wikipedia.org www.wikipedia.org  www.mpgomantic.com www.mpgomantic.com  www.alghad.com www.alghad.com  www.customs.gov.jo www.customs.gov.jo  www.greenliving.about.com www.greenliving.about.com

3.  To save the environment by plotting much less gasses into the air.  To save money by spending much less on transportation.  To decrease Jordan dependence on oil, which helps the national economy.

4.  The world that we live in now will most likely be impossible had it not been for innovations in transportation. There would not have been any great industry, civilization, or massive production, if transportation was incompetent.  Life would not have kept up with the fast changing times if there were no huge trucks, bulldozers, trailers, cargo ships, Etc.

5.  BUT, with Great Industry and civilization, comes great risks. Risks of polluting our environment, our home, our Earth !.

6.  PTRC is the governing body of public transportation in Jordan. It was established in order to :  Organize and supervise public transport services.  To meet the demand for public transport services ; satisfying a good level of services at an appropriate cost.

7.  Set the necessary conditions for public transport to ensure public safety and also to preserve the environment.  Contribute to the protection of the environment with the institutions and relevant authorities.

8.  Hybrid vehicles have strong environmental advantages: they reduce noxious pollution, emissions of greenhouse gases, and energy consumption by almost half.  They will be able to use all of the advanced fuels, such as ethanol, biodiesel, and natural gas, which will make them even more environmentally friendly.

10.  If someone drives a mid. size car from his house to JUST University everyday, lets say he drives 35 km round trip.  Then the emission of CO2 Into the Air in a week is : 35(km)*150(g\km)*5(days)=26,250 g CO2 (every week). That means 0.742 ton of CO2 A year !!!

11.  In the other hand, if he drives a hybrid :  Then the emission of CO2 Into the Air in a week is : 35(km)*87(g\km)*5(days)=15,225 g CO2 (instead of 26,250 g) Which results in a 0.426 ton of CO2 A year ! Which results in a 57% decrease of CO2 emissions !

12. During Acceleration.During cruising.During braking.

13.  We all know that acceleration wastes a lot of energy.  Hybrids use a small, efficient gas engine which generates power for an electronic motor, which in turn powers the wheels. Extra power gets stored in a battery to be used again in accelerating the car. The same Implied for cruising.

14.  Stopping a car also wastes a lot of energy.  Hybrid cars use regenerative braking. When you hit the brakes, the generator turns on. Some of the momentum of the car is used to run the generator, turning the motion of the car into electrical power and at the same time slowing down the hybrid.  This energy can be used again In accelerating.

16.  calculating the approximate annual cost for transportation of a student in his mid. Size car.  We can see that the cost of his round trip will be about 1.9 JD.  But, using a hybrid car for his trip will only cost 0.82 JD. Which results in a 43.1% decrease in fuel spending !

18. long storage of hybrid cars: Hybrid storage less than three months does not create a problem.It's good to have the car started up and run for 30 minutes every three months. Hybrid System Temperature : hybrid system (especially battery) work best when they are warm. So the engine needs to run more frequently in a cold weather.

19. Maintenance of hybrid cars : -The cost of maintaining a hybrid car is really quite similar to traditional one. -Maintenance tools for hybrid cars are pretty rare. -many mechanics are not trained in maintaining a hybrid.

20. High voltage: hybrid cars use metal hydride batteries which use very high voltages. It has raised some concerns about driver safety. Battery disposal : Hybrid battery are hydride batteries and contain toxic material, that impact the environment.

21. Expensive price of hybrid cars : Hybrid cars generally cost more than regular cars. Rare materials used in the manufacture of hybrid cars : rare earth metal which is a crucial ingredient in high-strength electric motors.

22. Hybrid cars weight: Hybrid cars are relatively heavy because of the heavy batteries installed inside the car. performance: People who have tried hybrid cars would agree that most of the models are slow. This is because they have slower acceleration compared to the conventional ones.

24.  Most of us don’t really know..  Or don’t really care !  But Why !?

26.  Jordan plays a very small part in pollution, if at all !  Thus, we can be a part of the solution easily..

27.  Canada : Residents in British Columbia are eligible for a 100% reduction of sales tax up to a maximum of $2,000 if the hybrid electric vehicle is purchased or leased before April 1, 2011  Japan : In 2009, the Japanese government implemented a set of policies and incentives that included a scrappage program, tax breaks on hybrid vehicles and other low emission cars and trucks

28.  New Zealand : In Christchurch, hybrid vehicles are entitled to an hour free parking in city council parking buildings.  Ireland : a 50% reduction in VRT (vehicle registration tax) applies, which normally amounts to 25% of the market value of a car.  USA : The purchase of hybrid electric cars qualifies for a federal income tax credit up to $3,150 on the purchaser's Federal income taxes.

29.  Until late 2009, adopted a policy of removing customs and tax duties on hybrid cars as of the middle of 2008, to encourage a cleaner environment through reduced emissions.  After that, our government has imposed a 55% (of the vehicle’s price tag) special tax on hybrid vehicles. Which resulted in a decrease in purchase of HEVs in general.

31.  Increase levels of awareness about the environmental problem, using the media & public announcements !  To readopt the policy of removing customs and tax duties on hybrid cars, to re-encourage citizens to buy HEVs !

32.  Average monthly fuel savings amount to JD40 per car, a national saving of JD3 million, ( which would have been spent on useless energy. )  Given an average lifetime of 10 years per car in Jordan, this translates into JD30 million (this is without doing a sophisticated economic analysis)

33.  Therefore we would have less pressure on the Jordanian dinar exchange rate as we import less oil,  which means we would need fewer reserves in the Central Bank and greater savings for Jordan; a shrinking trade deficit,  since we import 90 per cent of our energy needs; less outlay on road maintenance, since cars are renewed more often; decreased demand on public transport networks, which are not suitable anyway and require great capital expenditure; greater mobility of labour from the regions of the poverty stricken regions of the Kingdom to work locations; lower inflation rates; and higher employment as companies divert resources to other types of capital expenditures that produce jobs.

35.  A hybrid electric bus is a form of bus that uses hybrid electric technology for mass transportation, instead of a conventional diesel engine.  In 2005, more than 60 percent of the 9.7 billion transit passenger trips in the United States  were provided by buses, approximately 84 percent of which are powered by dieselcombustion engines.

36.  A majority of the hybrid buses in service are 40- foot buses. However, 22-foot shuttle buses  and 60-foot articulated buses have also been deployed.

37.  The three major manufacturers of hybrid systems are GM-Allison Transmission, BAE Systems, and ISE Corporation. Ebus produces 22-foot shuttle buses.

38. The ISE ThunderVolt

39. The GM-Allison Transmission Hybrid bus

41.  Biodiesel is commonly produced by the transformation of the vegetable oil or animal fat feedstock.  Biodiesel can be used in pure form or may be blended with petroleum diesel at any concentration in most injection pump diesel engines.

42.  It can be used in :  Cars and buses : Like Chrysler back in 2005, when they released the Jeep Liberty CRD diesels from the factory into the American market with 5% biodiesel blends.

43.  Railway usage : like British ‘Train Operating Company Virgin’ Trains claimed to have run the world's first "biodiesel train", which was converted to run on 80% petrodiesel and only 20% biodiesel, and it is claimed it will save 14% on direct emissions.  As a heating oil : Biodiesel can also be used as a heating fuel in domestic and commercial boilers.