1. OFFICE OF SCIENCE Energy Research in the Geosciences Teaching About Energy in Geosciences Courses: Teaching About Energy in Geosciences Courses: Current Research and Pedagogy May 17, 2009 Nicholas B. Woodward Geosciences Research Program Office of Basic Energy Sciences or Geosciences Research in Energy

2. 2 Laptops Users Beware NY Times – Lithium: February 3, 2009 In Bolivia, Untapped Bounty Meets Nationalism By SIMON ROMEROSIMON ROMERO UYUNI, BOLIVIA — In the rush to build the next generation of hybrid or electric cars, a sobering fact confronts both automakers and governments seeking to lower their reliance on foreign oil: almost half of the world’s lithium, the mineral needed to power the vehicles, is found here in Bolivia — a country that may not be willing to surrender it so easily. Japanese and European companies are busily trying to strike deals to tap the resource, but a nationalist sentiment about the lithium is building quickly in the government of President Evo Morales, an ardent critic of the United States who has already nationalized Bolivia’s oil and natural gas industries.

3. 3 What Kind of Energy? Light Heat Transportation Other …? Where? Why?

4. 4 Energy Research Objectives? Energy Security: Issues - Coal is domestic, significant hydrocarbon imports Answers – Hybrid Vehicles, Coal to Liquids, Oil/Tar Sands Energy and Environmental Quality: Pollution Control – Issues – Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act Answers – NG fired power plants, CAFÉ standards, Hybrid Vehicles, Zero Emissions Vehicles Climate Change – Issues – Greenhouse Gas Emissions Answers – Non-Greenhouse gas emitting power, Zero Emission Vehicles Industrial Approach over 40 Years – Efficiency – pollution/emissions not created need not be cleaned up or have cost penalties.

5. 5 Trends in Energy Bulk Commodity Based Energy to Technology Based Energy Distributed Energy to Centralized Energy to Distributed Energy Fireplaces to 1000Mw Electric Power Plants to Solar Cells or Ground Source Heat Pumps on Homes Distributed Energy to Centralized Energy Horses to Cars to Mass Transit

6. 6 6 Energy sources and consumption sectors in the U.S.

7. U.S. Energy Flow, 1950 (Quads) U.S. Energy Flow, 1950 (Quads) At midcentury, the U.S. used 1/3 of the primary energy used today and with greater overall efficiency ~ 34 Quads of Energy 12” TV, no interstate system

8. Domestic Production: 71.7 Quads Imports: 34.6 Quads Consumption: 101.6 Quads Adjustments ~1 Exports 5.4 Quads Energy Supply (Quads) Energy Consumption U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads = Quadrillion BTU = 10 15 BTU) U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads = Quadrillion BTU = 10 15 BTU) About 1/3 of U.S. primary energy is imported ~ 100 Quads of Energy

9. 9 Supply 107 Quads U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads) U.S. Energy Flow, 2007 (Quads) 85% of primary energy is from fossil fuels Domestic 67% Imports 33% Residential Commercial Industrial Consume 102 Quads Nuclear 8% Renewable 7% Fossil 85% Transportation 9

10. U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quads) U.S. Energy Flow, 2006 (Quads) >70% of primary energy for the transportation sector and >60% of primary energy for electricity generation/use is lost Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE. 10

11. Centuries of Fuel Usage in North America Centuries of Fuel Usage in North America Wood Hydroelectric Power Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Electric Power 16501700175018001850190019502000 10 20 30 40 0 Quadrillion Btu U.S. Energy Consumption by Source Watt Steam Engine, 1782 Incandescent lamp, 1870s Four-stroke combustion engine, 1870s CP-1 reactor, 1942 REA, 1935 Jet engine,1930s-40s 11 “Economic/Energy” Geology Metals plus Coal plus Petroleum

12. What Will the21 st Century Bring? What Will the21 st Century Bring? 21 st century technologies will exert control at the atomic, molecular, and nanoscale levels. Wood Hydroelectric Power Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Electric Power 1850190019502000 10 20 30 40 0 Quadrillion Btu There are 2 imperatives for change in the 21 st century: Solid-state lighting and many other applications of quantum confinement Peta-scale computing  Environmental impacts of fossil fuels Bio-inspired nanoscale assemblies – self-repairing and defect- tolerant systems. Mn O O O O O O O O O O 2H 2 O 4H + + 4e - photosystem II  World-wide supply and distribution of petroleum reserves High Tc superconductor plus Nuclear fuel/ nuclear waste CCS

13. Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE. 13 Fuel Switching End-use Efficiency Carbon Capture and Sequestration Electric Energy Storage Zero-net-emissions Electricity Generation Conservation Key RD&D Strategies Climate/Environment Impacts Electricity Distribution

14. 14 Example of energy lost during conversion and transmission. Imagine that the coal needed to illuminate an incandescent light bulb contains 100 units of energy when it enters the power plant. Only two units of energy eventually light the bulb. The remaining 98 units are lost along the way, primarily as heat. Overall Efficiency of an Incandescent Bulb  2% Lighting accounts for  22% of all electricity usage in the U.S. No energy “loss” value assigned to getting the coal from the ground to the power plant (mining, transportation, etc) Waste heat

15. 15 Other Kinds of Energy? ElementWorld ProductionMaterial Needs for 20GW/yr % of Current Prodcution Indium250Mt/a400Mt/a160% Selenium2,200 MT/a800 MT/a36% Gallium150 MT/a70 MT/a47% Tellurium450 MT/a (2000 MT/a unused today) 930 MT/a38% of total Cadmium26,000 MT/a800 MT/a3% Also of interest are Neodymium (for high performance permanent magnets in motors), Indium (transparent conducting oxide for flat panel displays, etc.), Gallium (used in a variety of solid state lighting devices), Gadolinium (potentially of use in high performance magnetic refrigeration), Cobalt (also used in some Li ion batteries), Samarium (used in SaCo permanent magnets with better temperature characteristics than NdFeB), etc. Elemental Needs for large scale Photovoltaic production in the U.S.

16. Source: LLNL 2008; data are based on DOE/EIA-0384(2006). Credit should be given to LLNL and DOE. 16 Fuel Switching Carbon Capture and Sequestration How Will Geosciences Influence Energy Technology? Climate/Environment Impacts Water Resources for Electricity Generation New Energy Minerals Find New Resources, ex. Coal Bed Methane, Methane Hydrates Water for biofuels Waste Disposal Computers Solar cells Fuel Rods Produced Water CO2

17. 17 One Strategy: Emphasize Climate Change Mitigation Stabilization Wedges: Pacala and Socolow Challenge for CO 2 Stabilization for Kids and Lawmakers 17

18. 18 7 wedges are needed to build the stabilization triangle. Each avoids 1 billion tons of carbon emissions per year by 2055 Stabilization Wedges: Two Emission Scenarios Define the Stabilization Triangle Emissions-doubling path

19. 19 The Wedge Stabilization Game Pieces

20. 20 An Energy Challenge breakthroughs needed x2-5 increase in battery energy density x10-20 increase through chemical storage + fuel cells Energy/weight Energy/volume 0 10 20 30 010203040 Energy Storage Density gasoline batteries super capacitors Store intermittent solar and wind electricity Electrify transportation with plug-in hybrids and electric cars batteries: 30-50x less energy density than gasoline beyond batteries: chemical storage + fuel cells = electricity impossible dream: x10 improvement ethanol combustion electrical storage methanol hydrogen compounds (target) compressed hydrogen gas chemical + fuel cells = electricity electro-chemical storage chemical storage http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/BES AC/Meetings.html#0209http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/BES AC/Meetings.html#0209 George Crabtree presentation

21. 21 For details on the assumptions underlying the options, go to www.wri.org/usenergyoption Power Sector (this size corresponds to 20 B kWh) Transport Sector (this size corresponds to 100,000 barrels of oil per day) Another Strategy: Focus on Both Energy Security and on Climate Positive Climate Characteristics 21

22. 22 Why Study Science? George F. Will, Thursday, May 22, 2003 (from his comments on When Krakatoa Blew by S. Winchester) “Geology has joined biology in lowering mankind's self-esteem. Geology suggests how mankind's existence is contingent on the geological consent of the planet. Although the planet is hospitable for the moment, it is indifferent -- eventually it will be lethally indifferent -- to its human passengers.” 1998 House of Representatives Committee on Science Report: “the role of science has evolved to emphasize economic development, independence, and the ability to address issues in our country - and in the world that have scientific and technological solutions” Rick Weiss, Washington Post, April 10, 2005 “… Americans have lost sight of the value of non-applied, curiosity driven research – the open-ended sort of exploration that doesn’t know exactly where it is going but so often leads to big payoffs…. Why should we care about this demand for results before the research begins?....Because our knowledge of the world and our support of knowledge for knowledge’s sake is a core measure of our success as a civilization.” Utilitarian Catastrophic Inspirational

23. 23 Key Science Education Questions What do we want our students to know ? Why do we want them to know it ? What would motivate students to pursue this field of study? Do we provide maximum information and hope some sticks, or Do we provide the bare bones and demand it all sticks? Undergraduate level objectives ? Graduate level objectives? Career level objectives?

24. 24 Improving Energy Education  Public outreach to demonstrate importance of research related to: Energy efficiency and conservation Green energy technologies Improvements of existing fossil fuel and nuclear power systems Greenhouse gas emission reductions  Modify traditional disciplinary system at University level (such as Geology) to a more integrated, multidisciplinary approach (Energy Systems)  Provide training and inspiration for the next generation of scientists, engineers, policymakers, and citizens CURE NIMBY

25. 25 Department of Energy New Activities  2009 Office of Fossil Energy Budget – ARRA 2009 – $20M to be available for Geologic Sequestration Training  2010 DOE Budget RE-ENERGYSE (Regaining our ENERGY Science and Engineering Edge) The Department will launch a comprehensive K-20+ science and engineering initiative, funded at $115M in FY 2010….See Energy.Gov 2010 Budget for details

26. Illumination of the Night Sky 2/3 of the U.S population has lost naked-eye visibility of the Milky Way http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id=1438l 26 Where to from here?

27. 27 Web resources:  http://www.science.doe.gov/SC-2/Deputy_Director-speeches-presentations.htm http://www.science.doe.gov/SC-2/Deputy_Director-speeches-presentations.htm  http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/bes.html http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/bes.html  http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/archives/summaries.html http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/archives/summaries.html  http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/list.html  http://www.fossil.energy.gov/ http://www.fossil.energy.gov/  http://www.eere.energy.gov/ http://www.eere.energy.gov/  http://www.eia.doe.gov/ http://www.eia.doe.gov/  http://www.energy.gov/sciencetech/carbonsequestration.htm http://www.energy.gov/sciencetech/carbonsequestration.htm

28. 28 Geosciences Research Program 2007 DePaolo, D. and Orr, F., 2007, Basic Research Needs for Geosciences Workshop, Office of Basic Energy Sciences; http://www.sc.doe.gov/bes/reports/files /GEO_rpt.pdf Thank You