1. Motion, Forces, and Energy
Chapter 1: Motion and Momentum

2. Section 1: What is motion?
All matter is constantly in motion.

3. Motion involves a change in position…
An object changes position if it moves relative to a reference point.
To understand a reference point;
Picture yourself standing at the front office
Then, you walk to our classroom
When you reach our classroom, you have traveled about 50 meters
Since the office is where we started, it would be our reference point, because our position has changed 50 meters relative to the starting spot (the office) and motion has occurred

4. Distance and Displacement
Distance is the total length of the route an object travels when it moves.
Displacement includes distance and direction of the stopping point from the starting point.

5. Speed
Speed- the distance traveled divided by the time taken to travel the distance.
Formula for speed:
speed (s)= distance (d) / time (t) or
s= d/t
The for speed are meters per second (m/s).
An object in motion can change speeds many times as it moves from one point to another, speeding up or slowing down.

6. Average Speed
Average speed- equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken to travel the distance.
Question: If it takes you 0.5 h to walk 2 km to the library, what is your average speed?
We solve this equation by using the s= d/t method:
Plug in the numerical digits into the equation
So, 2 km/0.5 h = ?
4 km/h

7. What is instantaneous speed?
Instantaneous speed- the speed of an object at one instant of time.

8. How do you graph motion?
Motion can be graphed on a distance-time graph with time plotted on the horizontal axis (x-axis or left to right) and distance plotted on the vertical axis (y-axis or up and down).
The steeper the line on a distance-time graph, the greater the speed.
A horizontal line on a distance-time graph indicates that no change in position is occurring and the speed is 0m/s.

10. Velocity
Velocity- speed of an object and its direction of motion; velocity changes if either, or both, of these changes.
V= displacement (d) / time (t) or
V= d/t

11. Let’s solve some equations!!! (Psst…Get out your calculators)
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter1/mat h_practice_1.html

12. Section 2::
Acceleration

13. Change in Velocity
Each time you take a step you are changing the velocity of your body.
You are probably most familiar with the velocity changes of a moving bus or car.
Acceleration- change in velocity divided by the time for the change to occur; it can include an object’s speeding up, slowing down, and/or changing direction.

14. Calculating Acceleration
Change in velocity = final – starting velocity velocity
Acceleration= final speed- starting speed time
Or: a= (sf-si)/t
Acceleration= change in velocity time

15. Calculating Acceleration (cont’d)
The unit of acceleration is distance divided by time squared; (m/s2).
Acceleration is positive when an object speeds up.
Acceleration is negative when an object slows down.

16. A car traveling at 60 mph accelerates to
90 mph in 3 seconds. What is the
car’s acceleration?
Velocity(final) - Velocity(original)
Acceleration =
time
90 mph - 60 mph =
3 seconds
30 mph =
3 seconds =
10 mph/second

17. A car traveling at 60 mph slams on the breaks to
avoid hitting a deer. The car comes to a safe stop
6 seconds after applying the breaks. What is the
car’s acceleration?
Velocity(final) - Velocity(original)
Acceleration =
time
0 mph - 60 mph =
6 seconds
- 60 mph =
6 seconds =
- 10 miles per hour per second

18. Graphing Acceleration
Accelerated motion can be graphed on a speed-time graph with speed on the vertical axis (y-axis or up and down) and time on the horizontal axis (x-axis or left to right).
An object that is speeding up will have a line on a speed- time graph that slopes upward.
An object that is slowing down will have a line on a speed-time graph that slopes downward.
A horizontal line on the speed-time graph represents an acceleration of zero or constant speed.

19. Positive acceleration Negative acceleration

20. - A constant acceleration produces a straight line or linear slope (rise/run) The slope of a velocity-time graph (rise/run) will predict an objects instantaneous acceleration. a = v/t

21. 0 or constant speed

22. Galileo 1600’s Studied how things fell
Rolled balls down an inclined plane
Found that the speed increased as it rolled down the ramp

23. Galileo Acceleration= change in velocity time t = 0 t = 1 second
t = 2 seconds
t = 3 seconds

24. Galileo Didn’t drop things from Tower of Pisa
Same things happen when things fall
Didn’t drop things from Tower of Pisa

25. http://www.brainpop.com/science/motionsforcesandtime/accel eration/
Time for Brainpop!
eration/

26. Acceleration Math Equations
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter1/mat h_practice_2.html

27. Practice Problem # 1
Calculate the acceleration of a bus whose speed changes from 6 m/s to 12 m/s over a period of 3 seconds.
What do we know:
Initial Speed: 6 m/s
Final Speed: 12 m/s
Time: 3 seconds

28. Practice Problem 1 Formula: a = s ( f ) – s ( I ) _________________
TIME
A = 12 m/s – 6m/s
________________ 3

29. Answer to # 1
A = 6m/s ________________ = 2m/s ² 3 seconds

30. Practice Problem # 2
Suppose you were riding your bicycle in a straight line and increased your speed from 4 m/s to 6 m/s in 5 seconds. Calculate your acceleration.

31. Answer to # 2
A = 6m/s – 4m/s ________________ = 0.4 m/s ² 5 seconds Your acceleration is positive

32. Practice Problem # 3
Suppose you slow down from a speed of 4 m/s to 2 m/s in 5 seconds. Now the final speed is less than the initial speed. Calculate your acceleration.

33. Answer to # 3
A = 2 m/s – 4 m/s ________________ = m/s ² 5 seconds Your acceleration is negative

34. Section 3: Momentum

35. Mass and Inertia Mass- the amount of matter in an object.
The SI unit for mass is the kilogram
Inertia- the tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.
Objects with more mass have more inertia, thus is harder to change its motion

36. Momentum
Momentum- a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object; equals the product of mass and velocity.
Momentum is usually symbolized by p
Momentum= mass X velocity or
p= mv
Momentum has units of kg multiplied by m/s
Since velocity includes direction, momentum has the same direction as velocity.

37. Law of Conservation of Momentum
Law of conservation of momentum- the total momentum of objects that collide with each other does not change.

38. There are many types of collisions…
Objects stick together and move still stuck together, although possibly at different speeds.

39. Types of collisions (cont’d)
Two objects bounce off each other when they collide, and may transfer momentum from one to the other.
In both cases, the total momentum of the objects that collide is the same before and after the collision.

40. You know what’s coming…(Math Equations!)
hill.com/sites/ /student_view0/chapter1/mat h_practice_3.html

41. Practice Problem 1
Calculate the momentum of a 16-kg bicycle traveling north at 3 m/s.

42. Answer
P = mv
P = 16kg x 3m/s
P = 48 kg m/s

43. Practice Problem # 2
Calculate the momentum of a 12-kg bicycle traveling east at 2 m/s.

44. Answer
P = mv
P = 24kg x 2m/s
P = 24 kg m/s