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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 13 Table of Contents Section 1 DNA Technology
Gene Technology
Chapter 13
Table of Contents
Section 1 DNA Technology
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Section 3 Genetic Engineering

4. Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Objectives
Explain the significance of noncoding DNA to DNA identification.
Describe four major steps commonly used in DNA identification.
Explain the use of restriction enzymes, cloning vectors, and probes in making recombinant DNA.
Summarize several applications of DNA identification.

5. Chapter 13 DNA Identification
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
DNA Identification
The repeating sequences in noncoding DNA vary between individuals and thus can be used to identify an individual.

6. Steps in DNA Identification
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification
Copying DNA: Polymerase Chain Reaction
To identify a DNA sample, scientists isolate the DNA and copy it using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

7. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Polymerase Chain Reaction

8. Polymerase Chain Reaction
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Polymerase Chain Reaction

9. Steps in DNA Identification, continued
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
Cutting DNA: Restriction Enzyme
The DNA is then cut into fragments using restriction enzymes.
Restriction enzymes recognize and cut specific nucleotide sequences.

10. Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA

11. Action of Restriction Enzymes
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Action of Restriction Enzymes

12. Steps in DNA Identification, continued
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Steps in DNA Identification, continued
Sorting DNA by Size: Gel Electrophoresis
The fragments are separated by size using gel electrophoresis.
The resulting pattern of bands is called a DNA fingerprint.

13. Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Gel Electrophoresis

14. Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
DNA Fingerprint

15. Chapter 13 Recombinant DNA Cloning Vectors
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Recombinant DNA
Cloning Vectors
Researchers use restriction enzymes to insert DNA fragments into vectors.
The resulting DNA from two different organisms is called recombinant DNA.

16. Cloning Vectors and Plasmids
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Cloning Vectors and Plasmids

17. Applications For DNA Technology
Section 1 DNA Technology
Chapter 13
Applications For DNA Technology
DNA technology provides the tools to manipulate DNA molecules for practical purposes, such as forensic investigation to determine the identity of a criminal.

18. Chapter 13 Objectives Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Discuss two major goals of the Human Genome Project.
Summarize important insights gained from the Human Genome Project.
Explain why animal model species are useful to study genes.
State how information from the Human Genome Project will be applied to future projects.
Relate bioinformatics, proteomics, and microarrays to the Human Genome Project.

19. Mapping The Human Genome
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome
The goals of the Human Genome Project were to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome and map the location of every gene on each chromosome.
This information will advance the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of human genetic disorders.

20. Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Important Insights
The Human Genome Project yielded important information about human genes and proteins.
For example, there are far fewer protein-encoding human genes than once believed but far more proteins because of the complex way they are encoded.

21. Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Model Species
The Human Genome Project included sequencing the genes of many model species to provide insights into gene function.

22. Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
Mapping The Human Genome, continued
Applications
Information from the Human Genome Project has been applied to medical, commercial, and scientific purposes.

23. Chapter 13 The Future of Genomics Bioinformatics
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics uses computers to catalog and analyze genomes.

24. The Future of Genomics, continued
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics, continued
Proteomics
Proteomics studies the identities, structures, interactions, and abundances of an organism’s proteins.

25. The Future of Genomics, continued
Section 2 The Human Genome Project
Chapter 13
The Future of Genomics, continued
Microarrays
DNA microarrays, two-dimensional arrangements of cloned genes, allow researchers to compare specific genes such as those that cause cancer.

26. Chapter 13 Objectives Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Discuss the uses of genetic engineering in medicine.
Summarize how gene therapy is being used to try to cure genetic disorders.
Discuss cloning and its technology.
Describe two ways genetic engineering has been used to improve crop plants.
Discuss environmental and ethical issues associated with genetic engineering.

27. Chapter 13 Medical Applications
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Medical Applications
Genetic engineering is being used to provide therapies for certain genetic diseases.

28. Medical Applications, continued
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Medical Applications, continued
Gene Therapy
Gene therapy refers to treating genetic disorders by correcting a defect in a gene or by providing a normal form of a gene.
Researchers hope that gene therapy can be used to cure genetic disorders in the future.

29. Medical Applications, continued
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Medical Applications, continued
Cloning
In cloning by nuclear transfer, a nucleus from a body cell of one individual is introduced into an egg cell (without its nucleus) from another individual.
An organism identical to the nucleus donor results.

30. Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Cloning

31. Genetically Engineered Vaccines
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Genetically Engineered Vaccines

32. Agricultural Applications
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Agricultural Applications
Genetic engineering is used to produce disease-resistant, pest-resistant, and herbicide-resistant crops in an effort to improve the yields and nutrition of the human food supply.

33. Genetic Engineering and Cotton Plants
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Genetic Engineering and Cotton Plants

34. Chapter 13 Ethical Issues
Section 3 Genetic Engineering
Chapter 13
Ethical Issues
Some people fear that the release of genetically modified organisms would pose an environmental risk.
Many safety, environmental, and ethical issues involved in genetic engineering have not been resolved.

35. Chapter 13 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two different organisms?
A. vector DNA
B. a DNA clone
C. plasmid DNA
D. recombinant DNA

36. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which is a molecule containing DNA from two different organisms?
A. vector DNA
B. a DNA clone
C. plasmid DNA
D. recombinant DNA

37. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations?
F. cloning vectors
G. cloning enzymes
H. restriction enzymes
J. polymerase chain reaction

38. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following is used to cut DNA molecules in specific locations?
F. cloning vectors
G. cloning enzymes
H. restriction enzymes
J. polymerase chain reaction

39. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a defective gene?
A. cloning vector
B. gene therapy
C. recombinant DNA
D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

40. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. What is the term used for inserting a healthy copy of a gene into a person who has a defective gene?
A. cloning vector
B. gene therapy
C. recombinant DNA
D. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

41. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which is the process used in animal cloning?
F. DNA cloning
G. recombinant DNA
H. polymerase chain reaction
J. cloning by nuclear transfer

42. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which is the process used in animal cloning?
F. DNA cloning
G. recombinant DNA
H. polymerase chain reaction
J. cloning by nuclear transfer

43. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow.
5. Which best describes molecule A?
A. It is an insulin gene.
B. It is recombinant DNA.
C. It is a bacterial plasmid.
D. It is a disease-causing virus.

44. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow.
5. Which best describes molecule A?
A. It is an insulin gene.
B. It is recombinant DNA.
C. It is a bacterial plasmid.
D. It is a disease-causing virus.

45. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow.
6. How is a bacterial plasmid described after donor DNA is inserted into the bacterium’s DNA?
F. vector DNA
G. cloned DNA
H. plasmid DNA
J. recombinant DNA

46. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The graphic below
shows a bacterial cell. Use the graphic to answer the questions that follow.
6. How is a bacterial plasmid described after donor DNA is inserted into the bacterium’s DNA?
F. vector DNA
G. cloned DNA
H. plasmid DNA
J. recombinant DNA

47. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics :
A. lipids
B. genes
C. proteins
D. carbohydrates

48. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. Proteomics : proteins :: genomics :
A. lipids
B. genes
C. proteins
D. carbohydrates

49. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below is
of two pieces of DNA that were cut with the same
restriction enzyme. Use the diagram to answer the
question that follows.
8. Which nucleotide sequence must the sticky end labeled 2 have if it is to bond with the sticky end labeled 1?
F. UGGCCU
G. TCCGGA
H. ACCGGT
J. CTTAAG

50. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The diagram below is
of two pieces of DNA that were cut with the same
restriction enzyme. Use the diagram to answer the
question that follows.
8. Which nucleotide sequence must the sticky end labeled 2 have if it is to bond with the sticky end labeled 1?
F. UGGCCU
G. TCCGGA
H. ACCGGT
J. CTTAAG

51. Chapter 13 Short Response
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye.
How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA?

52. Short Response, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
A probe is a strand of RNA or single-stranded DNA that is labeled with a radioactive element or fluorescent dye.
How do biologists use a probe to find cloned DNA?
Answer:
A radioactive probe can bind to a donor gene in recombinant DNA. The clone of cells bearing the donor DNA and its attached probe emits a radioactive signal that can be detected.

53. Chapter 13 Extended Response
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
One concern about genetic engineering involves confidentiality and insurance.
Part A How could the human genome be misused,
relative to confidentiality issues?
Part B What might people’s concern be about health
insurance, and why?

54. Extended Response, continued
Chapter 13
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Information about a person’s genome could lead to
discrimination. For example, if a 35-year-old is known by
his employers to have the genetic defect for Huntington’s
disease, which has an onset often in the 40s, they might
presume that he would be impermanent and might fail to
give him deserved promotions.
Part B If a genetic condition is known about an employee,
insurance might be denied, or that specific condition might
be excepted from normal coverage. Another person about
whom nothing is known genetically might be allowed
coverage for that condition.