1. Author: Dr Sc Fidel Castro Díaz - Balart World Science Forum Budapest November 2005 Knowledge and Innovation: Challenges and uncertainties for the South

2. The knowledge Economy, in the context of other issues relevant to development and society. A developing country eager to close the knowledge – divide. The Cuban experience. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

3. KNOWLEDGEECONOMY Highly qualified human resources  The rapid pace of change in specific supporting technologies (mobile telephony, internet, genetic engineering, etc)  Knowledge and information as the principal sources of added value KEY FEATURES Knowledge as the main “limiting resource” Entrepreneurial competition for innovation, differentiation and high standards of excellence Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum Globalization World wide distribution of goods and services in “real time” Intellectual property protection

4. DEVELOPED NORTH - DEVELOPED 20% of World Population - 80% resources UNDEVELOPED SOUTH - UNDEVELOPED 80% of World Population - 20% resources A) World resources: 86% GDP 68% Foreign Investment 71% Trade 82% Export markets 80% Energy resources B) Knowledge&Innovation: 80% world investment in R&D 2.5% of GDP for S&T 93% Internet users 85% Scientific articles 90% Patents ECONOMIC WORLD DIVISSION Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum North has control of

5. North America 13.5 19.4 103.1 302.3 221.4 Latin America / Caribbean Europe Africa Asia Oceania Middle East 56.2 108.1 114.3 5.3 4.5 18.1 7.6 16.3 TOTAL 889 361 Internet users throughout the World Millions of Users 2000: 2005: World Science Forum Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart 259.6

6. SOLID NORTHERN ECONOMIES vs FRAIL SOUTHERN ECONOMIES Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total Exports Export Technological Intensity with respect to with Total Exports Regions/ Countries 1999-2003 Primary products Products manufac. with natural resources Low and intermediate technology manufac. goods High Tech manufac. goods NORTH United States 7.712.64.633.1 EU 6.118.653.921.5 Japan 0.47.760.231.6 SOUTH LAC 27.317.538.316.9 China 6.29.961.222.7 Thailand 12.316.640.130.9

7. The Biotech Industry Worlwide 949698949698 USA EUROPA Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum 34% 30% 4% 15% 17% EU USA Japan Latin America and Caribbean East and Southeast Asia ICT Exports, 1996-2003. (% of total) Year 2005, more than:  4,000 companies  300,000 employees  370 products in clinical trial phase III  200 FDA* approved drugs and vaccines Revenues: In 1992: 8 Bn USD; 2002: 50 USD Bn.

8. I Trends: Technical barriers and privatization of knowledge. II The number of professionals living away from their country of origin grew from: 75 x 10 6 in 1965 to 120 x 10 6 in 1990 and reached 150 x 10 6 in 2000. During the past 40 years:  33% of qualified African professionalsimmigrated to Europe.  1.1 x 10 6 Latin American scientist and researchers immigrated to industrialized countries which is equivalent to a transfer of 3 billions US Dollars. Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum Intellectual property rights (I) and Brain – drain (II)

9. Bridging the knowledge - divide: The Cuban Experience Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

10. Universities, Institutions and University Graduates Higher Education in Cuba 64 1959 19762005 3 28 Total enrollment: 15 60983 957 300 000 Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum From 1959 to 2004: more than 750 000 graduates in: Sciences: Social / Humanities Natural / Exact Technical / Agricultural/Econ. Medical Sciences 16 % Education 37.6 % 38% Others 8 %

11. Innovative university for scientific, academic and productive excellence, that forms professionals mainly for the software Industry.With: 8000 students and 700 professors.8000 students and 700 professors. A high technological installed capacity.A high technological installed capacity. Links with the Cuban enterprise system.Links with the Cuban enterprise system. Production based learning process.Production based learning process. University of Informatic Sciences Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

12. Science and Technology in Cuba Investment: In 2004: 1.75 % of its GNP for research activities; 0.82% directly to R&D There are 15 scientists and engineers working in the science and technology sector per 1000 economically active inhabitants. Institutions: 218 institutions, 118 are research centres. Staff: 31,400 persons work in these institutions, women represent the 52% of the total labor force

13. CENPALAB CNB CIM IPK I. FINLAY CIE NEUROSCIENCES CIGB West Havana Scientific Pole CNIC Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

14. The Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry Strategic concepts for building a biotechnology sector: Closed – loop organizations. Export – oriented organization Building of an Intellectual Property platform. A tight relationship between research and the industrial strategy Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

15. Factors contributing to success in Cuba Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum 1.Strong science base 6. Technology transfer 4. Instituting Networking & Co-operation 2. Developed a national education programme 3. Capacity building of a “critical mass” of educational and R&D institutions and it’s legal frameworks 5. Created similar to S&T parks in Biotech and ICT 7. S&T strategies coherent with national interests 8. ¨Soft factors¨: Human resources of excellence Education, science&tech.

16. CONCLUDING REMARKS polarization of science is not only a problem in itself, but also jeopardizes the emergence of viable solutions to other. The ability to use knowledge is increasingly linked to the ability to generate it. science benefits from diversity of approaches to a given problem North-South scientific cooperation as a form of aid to developing countries, rather than as a joint approach to global problems that affect everyone S&T development in Cuba, steams from Jose Marti central ideas: To be free, first be educated Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum

17. THANK VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION THANK VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION Dr. Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart World Science Forum