1. Competing For Colonies 2.4

2. Martin Luther

3. Martin Luther & The Reformation Catholic Church is Christianity 1517 Luther publicly challenged Rome –Condemned sale of indulgences Redemption was grace of God Pope Leo X doesn’t want to debate –Most corrupt of Renaissance popes Luther excommunicated

4. Salvation a gift from God –Not works Minimized priest role Rejected Pope’s exclusive authority of interpretation of scripture Bible over doctrine on faith matters –Translates Bible into German

5. North German kingdoms protect him Political power grab

6. John Calvin

7. Frenchmen. Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) –God is all knowing & all powerful –Man is corrupt by nature –predestination

8. Geneva, Switzerland –State should remake society into disciplined religious community –Model community led by ministers –Unnecessary and luxury was prohibited Persecuted –Huguenots (France) –Presbyterians (Scotland) –Reformed (Belgium & Holland)

9. Religious Rivalry in Europe England –1533 King Henry VII (1509-1547) left Catholic Church Divorce Catherine of Aragon (Spain) Est. Church of England –Queen “Bloody” Mary (1553-1557) restored Catholicism Executed 300 protestant clergy

10. Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) est. England as Protestant (compromise) –Lutheran salvation by grace –Calvinist predestination –Holy Communion in English –Hierarchy of bishops & archbishops

11. England

12. Dissenters Rejected compromise w/ Catholic practices Prefer Calvin & Knox presbyterian system

13. Puritans 1600 Radical protestants Purify church teachings & practices Against communion as magical or idolatrous Service should focus on the sermon Follow God’s “calling” All members need to read Bible spiritual & financial authority local

14. Spain –Catherine’s brother –1585 King Philip wants to overthrow England –Armada defeated –England now controls the seas

15. Religious Rivalries in America Catholics –Spain SW and SE –France NE Protestants –Dutch and English Atlantic coast

16. The Northwest Passage Water route to Asia through America 1497-1610 French & Dutch explore Canada

17. French in the New World Not settlers Fish & Furs Trappers trade w/ natives Forts & missionaries 1663 New France a Royal Colony

18. French Empire 1608 Quebec – fur trading fort 1643-1681 explore & claim MS River New France grows slowly Mostly men France doesn’t want to weaken its country Ice box

20. Explorers Joliet & Marquette –1670’s gold & NW Passage –MS River all the way down to the Gulf LaSalle –1682 claimed MS River to Gulf of Mexico –Louisiana –1718 New Orleans

21. Western Exploration Trappers & missionaries Rocky Mountains & Rio Grande

24. New France Slow growth Estates on St. Lawrence R. Quebec Tenant farmers Positive relations w/ natives –Trappers & missionaries live w/ them –Don’t change native culture –Not a threat –Frenchmen become Indian more often than Indians become English

25. 1600’s Netherlands Dominated international trade Indonesia, S. Africa, Caribbean, Brazil Wealth, arts, science Freedoms –Press –Religion Migrants populate overseas empire –small country w/ limited resources

27. Dutch New Netherlands 1609 Henry Hudson – New York Harbor 1624 purchase Manhattan Isl. New Amsterdam Trade not conquer Purchase land Some fights 1623 ruled by West India Co.

28. Freedom Company colony Religious toleration Slaves have rights Women separate legal identity 1630’s 18 different languages 1629 “patroon” land system –Medieval lord –Tenant farmers

30. New Sweden 1638 Dutch merchants avoid WICo. Delaware 1655 seized by New Netherlands 1660’s New Netherlands doesn’t grow too much