1. Industry and Urban Growth
Chapter 18

2. A New Industrial Revolution
Why Industry Boomed
As the nation expanded, deposits of coal, iron, lead and copper were found.
Government gave businesses subsidies.

3. A New Industrial Revolution
The Bessemer process made stronger steel at lower cost. This replaced Iron. Pittsburgh became the steel capital
In 1859, oil was found when workers dug into the ground and black liquid came up. This was eventually called “Black Gold.”
Railroads improved by adding sleeping and eating cars. There was immense competition between companies.

5. A New Industrial Revolution
Inventors and Inventions
There were many new inventions, this caused the need for a patent- which is a document giving someone the sold right to make and sell an invention.

6. A New Industrial Revolution
Thomas Edison & other scientists- produced the light bulb, the phonograph, the motion picture camera and hundreds of other devices.
Edison opened the nation’s first electrical plant in NYC.
The Telegraph had been used since 1844, when Alexander Graham Bell wanted to hear the human voice. He invented and patented the telephone.

7. A New Industrial Revolution
He eventually organized over 100 local companies into the American Telephone and Telegraph Company
In 1868, there was the invention of a type-writer, which people could use to type as fast at 60-words per minute.
In 1888, A light weight camera was invented, it replaced hundreds of pounds of equipment

9. A New Industrial Revolution
Transportation Revolution
Only about 8,000 Americans owned automobiles in 1900.
Henry Ford perfected a system to mass produce cars and makes them less expensive.

10. A New Industrial Revolution
The Assembly line is a manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt.
By 1917, 4.5 million Americans owned cars
By 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

12. Big Business and Organized labor
New Ways of Doing business
There were now Entrepreneurs, which were people who set up new businesses to make a profit.
Many businesses became corporations, which is a business that is owned by many investors.
Banks lent huge amounts of money to people. J.P. Morgan became wealthy

13. Big Business and Organized labor
Growth of Big Business
Monopoly is a company that controls most or all business in a particular industry
Andrew Carnegie entered the steel industry and eventually owned most of the steel in the US.

14. Big Business and Organized labor
John D. Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil Trust. A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.
Free enterprise is a system in which privately owned businesses compete freely.

16. Big Business and Organized labor
Social Darwinism
Charles Darwin- Survival of the fittest in nature
Businesses used this was used to limit competition

17. Big Business and Organized labor
Changes in the Workplace
Women and children worked in sweatshops, most children did NOT go to school
There were dangerous conditions

19. Big Business and Organized labor
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
A fire broke out in a New York sweatshop on March 25, 1911
Hundreds of workers ran for the exits but found they were locked-The owners did it
150 People died in this fire

21. Big Business and Organized labor
Workers organize
Knights of Labor was formed in 1869, used to win support for workers and against business owners
American Federation of Labor was formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886
He believed in using collective bargaining to win improvements
Women
Mary Harris Jones worked campaigning for unions and giving support to striking miners
Strikes

22. Cities Grow and Change Rapid Growth of Cities
By 1890, the cities became Urbanized
There was public transportation which made people move to the suburbs

23. Cities Grow and Change Problems of Urban Life
The first skyscraper was built in 1880 in Chicago, it was 10 stories high
By the first electric subway ran under the streets of Boston
Problems of Urban Life

24. Cities Grow and Change Tenement life in downtown slums
Tenements were buildings divided into many tiny apartments
Many people lived in a one room apartment and many families shared a bathroom
In 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull House, which was a settlement house in the slums of Chicago

25. Cities Grow and Change The excitement of City life
Departments Stores contained lots of different goods in the same store but different sections
Leisure activities changed with the cities, people would now go to museums, the orchestra, art galleries, the theatre, circuses, parks, the zoo, gardens
Sports became popular, the most popular were Baseball, Basketball, and Football

26. New Immigrants A Fresh Start Immigration The new immigrants
Religious freedom
Farming
Jobs
Political unrest
The new immigrants
Mostly Protestants or Catholics from Northern and Western Europe

27. New Immigrants Starting a New Life
Immigrants were crammed below decks in steerage which were large compartments that usually held cattle
There were many immigrant neighborhoods

28. New Immigrants Becoming American
Assimilation is the process of becoming part of another culture
Languages and traditions
Contributions
Many immigrants opened small shops and influenced American life

29. New Immigrants A new Wave of Nativism
Many United States Natives did not like all of the immigrants; they associated the immigrants with crime, violence and anarchy.
Anarchist is a person who opposes all forms of government

30. Education and Culture
Before 1870, less then half of American children attended school.
Compulsory education was instituted fully by 1918.
It was not until 1950 that the majority of Americans of high school age were high school graduates

31. Education and Culture They offered books, magazines and speakers
The typical school day lasted from 8 am to 4 pm.
The students read McGuffey’s Eclectic Readers
Taught poetry, stories, moral values and the Christian religion
Carnegie gave money to towns to build libraries.
They offered books, magazines and speakers

32. Education and Culture American writers
Realism- authors emphasized the harsh side of life
Mark Twain-Huckleberry Finn- His real name was Samuel Clemens-
At the time people complained that this book was a bad effect on children
It is now one of the greatest American novels

33. Education and Culture
By 1900, half the newspapers in the world were printed in the US
The spread of education led to the growth of the newspaper
In Joseph Pulitzer bought the New York World
He included color comics such as the Yellow kid
Yellow Journalism-like a tabloid