1. Exploring the International Flower Market
Intro to Floriculture
Exploring the International Flower Market

2. Concept Map! Unit Name:Intro to Floriculture
Unit EQ: How does Floriculture “fit” into the Horticulture Industry?
EQs: 1. How has floriculture changed over the years?
2. How big is the international market to the cut flower industry?
3. When a flower is cut, what are its needs?
4. What elements are important in floral design?

3. I. History of Floral Design
A. to properly arrange flowers so that they become a “work of art”. These guidelines are called principles of design.
Arrangements are judged by these principles

4. Basic laws
fundamentals, truths or methods of operation that have been tested and proven for many centuries.

5. Concepts of floral design
Two concepts developed independently of each other.
Occidental Style – evolved in Egyptian and Middle Eastern Cultures
further developed by the Europeans
Oriental Style- began in China later explored by the Japanese

6. Egyptian Period BC
arranged separate rows of different colored flowers in shallow bowls
feast tables were often decorated with fruits and vegetables neatly piled in low baskets

7. Egyptian Period
several flowers were considered sacred, symbolizing Egyptian Gods and Goddesses
Lotus and Water Lillies were placed in elaborate vases, bowls and jars

8. Ancient Greeks BC
Did not arrange flowers in vases, scattered blossoms on tables and on the streets
flowers were used to make garland and wreaths worn during special occasions.
Presented as awards to athletes, statesmen and soldiers.

9. Ancient Greeks
the cornucopia (horn or plenty) was filled with fruits and vegetables and placed in an upright position rather than on its side as done today

10. Romans 28 BC - 325 AD continued the customs of the Greeks
arrangements and usage became more elaborate
scatter roses on banquet tables and on the floor
scarves filled with blossoms were offered at an altar in Roman Religious Ceremonies

11. Byzantine Period 320-600 AD arrangements of cut flowers used again
formal conical designs with clusters of blossoms at regular intervals

12. Renaissance 1400-1600 AD beautifully documented in paintings
designs were large, tall, pyramidal, and symmetrically balanced
flower arrangements were loose, un-crowded and airy
formal bouquets featured the most important flower situated centrally, at the top of the bouquet, with other flower heads turned outward.

13. Renaissance
flowers were arranged so that they were about twice the height of the container
intense colors were used to create contrast with the white plastered walls of buildings

14. Renaissance
several traditional floral designs of today are styled after renaissance arrangements

15. Baroque Period began as symmetrical, oval shaped designs
asymmetrical curves in the shape of a crescent or an “s” were adopted later
an abundance of flower types and colors were used together
arrangements incorporated a variety of accessories such as figurines and butterflies

16. Baroque
the “s” curve and crescent arrangements developed during this period are popular today

17. Flemish-style 1600-1750 AD beautifully captured by Dutch painters
traditional baroque styles were refined
refined - not as loose and open
better proportioned and more compact
Rich colors and an array of flowers were combined into masses, oval shape bouquets

18. Flemish style
The French developed mass arrangements during the same time that were lighter and more airy than those of the Dutch.
Arrangements were made from delicate flowers in light pastel colors.

19. Georgian period
A.D.
Time period that spanned the reigns of the English kings George I and George II
Arrangements were greatly influenced by Chinese arts.
Usually symmetrical and triangularly shaped.
Many featured a single flower type.
Designs moved away from formality and symmetry in the late part of the period.

20. Georgian period nosegay, or handheld bouquet became stylish
small nosegay bouquets placed in bowls were the first use of table centerpieces as we know them today.

21. Georgian period
Georgian art influenced the decorative arts in Colonial America.
Fan shaped and triangular arrangements were made and sometimes placed near the center of interest near the rim of the container.

22. Georgian period
boxwood, ivy, and magnolia were used with garden flowers in the summer
berries, cones, greens with fruit were used during the winter along with dried flowers.

23. Unit Objectives
1. Describe the scope of the international flower market in the florist industry.
2. Explain the international flower distribution system.
1. Explain the basic requirements of cut flowers.
2. Understand the causes of deterioration and death of flowers.
3. Describe the steps of effective conditioning of flowers and foliage.
4. Explain the importance of using floral preservatives.
5. Learn about commercial packing and shipping.

24. Essential Question
How big is the international market to the cut flower industry?

25. Warm Up
Is this Floriculture? Why do you think so?

26. Floriculture- What is it?
Definition:
flower gardening: the cultivation of flowering plants
Think about it again:
Which is floriculture?

27. Scope of the Industry Some numbers to consider
90% of the carnations, 71% of the roses, and 89% of the chrysanthemums sold in the US are produced in other countries.

29. Where does it all come from?
Flowers often produced in:
Hydroponic greenhouses
flowers are grown in a nutrient rich water solution versus soil
Netherlands & Columbia
Leading growing countries
Grown outside
Labor in other countries if often cheaper than US

30. What’s in the US? Domestic Market:
Product made and sold within the country
On the decline
Air travel has allowed for international market
International Flower Auction in Aalsmeer, Netherlands

31. International Distribution
Internet
Retail can order direct from grower in Columbia etc
Getting into the US
Flowers must come through customers
U.S. Customs Department
part of the government that imposes international tariffs ($) on products produced outside the United States

32. Where do some flowers come from?

34. Possiblities
Carnations from Columbia + roses from Israel + tropical flowers from Hawaii = Flown to flower auctions in Holland
How does this happen?
Exporters: companies that ship products to companies in other countries.
Mass Market: setting where the general public can acquire particular goods.

35. How does the Mass market work?
Field workers in Columbia will cut flowers in the fields early in the morning; The flowers will arrive at the auction the same day. The next day a buyer will purchase the flowers and ship them to, for example, Chicago, where they will arrive at a wholesaler’s facility and be conditioned. They will be shipped to a retail florist the next day. Often a wholesaler will purchase direct from a grower, eliminating one full day and allowing the florist to obtain the product a day earlier. The wholesaler of today sells to retail florists, garden centers, other retail outlets,and the mass market.

36. Draw a representation of the flow of Flower products

37. Activity
Review Quiz 1

38. Intro to Floriculture
Caring for Cut Flowers

39. Essential Question
When a flower is cut, what are its needs?

40. Warm Up
These flowers were sent from an online ordering service. How are they cared for while they travel? How are they cared for when they arrive?

41. Fresh cut flower requirements
Even after being cut: flowers still photosynthesize
Requirements
1. High Water Quality
Keep turgid levels up
Not too acidic or alkaline
Not too hard or soft
Low salinity: measurement of the total dissolved salt

42. Fresh cut flower requirements continued…
2. Food and Sugar
Sucrose and Dextrose
From stored sugar or floral preservatives

43. Fresh cut flower requirements continued…
3. Healthy Environment
Fresh air, no ethylene
Conditioning: prep of materials for arranging by allowing adequate solution uptake
Warm water! = increases uptake
Re-cut flowers and defoliate below the water line
Hardening: full of water after conditioning
After all this, plants are placed in coolers

44. Fresh cut flower requirements continued…
4. Sanitation:
Provides long lasting flowers
Keep Hands, tools, knives, shears, containers and work areas CLEAN!
Clean on a regular basis

46. Deterioration and Death
Deterioration begins as soon as the flower is cut!
Humans must provide the needs!
Senescence

47. Causes of Deterioration
1. Genetic Life
Each flower is pre-programmed
Want to achieve maximum life!
Flower Life Span
Daylily 1 day
Dutch Iris 3–5 days
Rose 5–7 days
Carnations 10–14 days
Chrysanthemums 14–21 days

48. Causes of Deterioration
2. Wilting
excessive water loss or lack of absorption
Blocked vascular tissue
Transpiration and Respiration
Water loss process of plant
Avoid drafts and over handling
Stem Blockage
Most common cause
No water movement and can occur

49. Causes of Deterioration
3.Timing of Harvest
Time of Day
Never cut in heat of the day
Cut
Evening
Done photosynthesizing for the day
Early morning
Full of water
Stage of Flowering
Just before flower is fully open

50. Causes of Deterioration
4.Ethylene Gas
Naturally produced by aging plants
Signs
fallen petals, dropped florets, and yellowing leaves
Avoided by using ethylene inhibitors
products that block or tie up the gas.
5. Disease/Damage
Flowers chosen should be of highest quality
Free of insect damage

51. Maximize Vase Life
A. Flowers should be unpacked and inspected upon receiving. A report should be made to the wholesaler of any problems or mistakes.
B. Prioritize the order of processing; wilt-prone and expensive flowers should be processed first.
C. Remove sleeves, ties and any foliage that might contact water in a container.

52. Maximize Vase Life
D. Under warm water, re-cut all stems, removing ½ inch to 1 inch. Professional underwater cutting devices are recommended in order to maximize life span.
E. Use specific treatment solutions as needed.
F. Place in floral preservative solution mixed at the proper concentration. Too little encourages bacterial growth, too much can cause toxicity.

53. Maximize Vase Life
G. Let the flowers remain at room temperature for 2 to 3 hours to increase water uptake.
H. Place the flowers in a cooler set at 34 to 38°F with a high humidity level and constant light.

54. Maximize Vase Life
I. Milky stems should be treated by quickly dipping them in boiling water for five seconds and then placing them in a floral preservative solution. Alternative methods include exposing the cut end into a match flame without burning it or placing it in very warm floral preservative solution.
J. Roses that have lost turgidity near the flower head are called bent necks. They can be revived by placing the stems in a warm preservative solution and recutting them under water.

55. Floral Preservatives Extend the life of cut flowers Pre-treatments
sugar as a supplemental food source
acidifier to decrease the chance of stem clogging
bactericide to kill bacteria in a vase or stem
Pre-treatments
Used before preservatives
Reduce ethylene exposure
Hydrate flowers that are wilt prone

56. Field to Florist Flowers are graded
separated into groups based on factors such as quality, uniformity, and size, stem quality, length, and strength.
Bundled and sleeved for shipping and boxed
Precooled / Drypacked
quickly replacing the warm air with cool air inside the box

57. Activities
Review Quiz 2

58. Exploring Floral Design
Intro to Floriculture
Exploring Floral Design

59. Essential Question
What elements are important in floral design?

60. Warm Up
What makes this floral arrangement “pretty” ?

61. Floral Design / Floral Arranging
The art of organizing the design elements inherent in plant materials and accessories according to principles of design art

62. Principles of Design
rules and guidelines used by the floral designer to create a beautiful composition

63. Principles : Major
A. Proportion is the pleasing relationship between size and shape among objects and parts of objects.
B. Balance in a flower arrangement refers to the arrangement’s equilibrium and equality in weight, both physical and visual.
C. Rhythm is the orderly organization of a design elements to create a visual pathway.
D. Dominance in a design means that one design element is more prevalent or noticeable, thereby capturing interest of the viewer.

64. Principles: Minor
E. Radiation is the design element that makes it look as if all stems are coming from one point.
F. Repetition is repeating the use of floral design elements to create unity in the work.
G. Transition is the smooth gradual change from one material or element to another.
H. Variation is the diverse assortment of materials, stimulating interest.
I. Contrast describes objects arranged with a striking difference, stimulating interest.
J. Focal point is the center of interest of the design, visually tying it together.

65. Proportion Consider where it will be displayed
Height of an arrangement should be 1½ times the height of its container’s greatest dimension
4 main areas of focus
1. Physical dimensions of the container
2. Its color
3. Its material and texture
4. Its shape
Centerpieces: should never obstruct views

67. Balance Meaning design equilibrium or equality in weight
Physical: actual stability of plant materials within the container
Visual: the perception of the arrangement being balanced
Symmetrical: same physical balance on both sides of its central axis
Asymmetrical: present when a design has unequal material placements and weight on each side of its axis

68. Achieving Balance
Visual weight is a flower’s perceived lightness or heaviness based on its color, shape, and pattern.
Centering is the technique of placing dominant plant material along a design’s central vertical axis.
Counterbalancing means balancing plant materials on one side of a design with visually equal materials on the opposite side.

70. Rhythm
Regular, repeated rhythm is present when materials are repeated at regular intervals from the top to the bottom of an arrangement.
Free, variable rhythm is an unstructured style with subtle flowing movements created with unstructured materials

71. Rhythm Techniques
A. Radiation—Stems radiate out naturally from the container. A top view shows the stems appearing as spokes on a wheel. Crossing stems is avoided.
B. Repetition—Repeating design elements throughout an arrangement including, but not limited to, color, shape, space and lines.

72. Rhythm Techniques Contin…
C. Transition—Change from one material to another. It should be smooth and gradual. Lighter flowers near the container edge blend into the heavier ones near the center.
D. Variety—Diverse assortment or differing components in a design. Variety focuses attention and stimulates interest and imagination.
E. Contrast —Describes objects that have striking differences beyond mere variety or diversity, taking variety to a higher degree.

73. Dominance Dominance can be achieved by:
1. Using dominant plant material
2. Using an emphasized design element
3. Using a distinct style of design
4. Using a theme
5. Using a focal point
Focal Point: center of interest , arrangements need this!

74. Focal Point Creation 1. Use of large flowers
2. Use of special form flowers such as orchids
3. Employing dark shades
4. Variation of concentration of plant material
5. Use of framing materials
6. Use of strong color contrast
7. Radiation of plant materials to a particular area
8. Use of accessories

75. Activities
Review Quiz 3

76. Understanding Design Elements
Intro to Floriculture
Understanding Design Elements

77. Essential Question
How does color influence floral design?

78. Warm Up
What types of themes do you see in this arrangement?

79. Floral Arrangements Flowers, Greenery, Container Design Elements:
Physical characteristics that the designer uses to create the arrangements
Shape – 2 dimensional
Form -3 dimensional
Naturalistic, Free Form, Geometric

80. Floral Forms Naturalistic mirror the natural growth of plant material
branches to symbolize trees and shorter flowers as undergrowth.

81. Floral Forms Free Form more contemporary
any liberty with color, shape, and placement

82. Floral Form Geometric circle and the triangle
can be varied to create ovals, fans, or crescent arrangements from the circle and right triangles, scalene triangles and isosceles triangles from the basic triangle

83. All Forms Created with Lines Use Line materials
visual movement between two points in an arrangement
Use Line materials
used to create very definite vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curvilinear lines
Examples: snapdragon, liatris, and scotch broom

84. Form Flowers
Form Flowers: distinctive shapes like lilies or tropical flowers
Mass Flowers: round, solid flowers like carnations and mums
Filler Flowers: light, airy flowers like baby’s breath and sea lavender that fill in the space between other flowers

85. Space and Depth Space: Depth
Areas that are devoid of flowers
Depth
gives the arrangement more of a three dimensional form than just a shape.
Adds interest and character, makes arrangement appear larger with less material,

86. Texture Refers to the surface quality of the plant material.
rough, smooth, leathery, velvety, satiny, or hairy
fine or airy, lacy, delicate, or bold and coarse.

87. Color Wheel
Copy this color wheel onto a separate piece of paper. Include Primary Colors, Secondary Colors, and Tertiary Colors. More color concepts will be added later.

88. Colors Importance Colors create and influence emotion Monochromatic
Variations of 1 color
Red: deep red, maroon, pale pinks, and hot pinks
Polychromatic:
Various colors
Analogous:
Using colors next to each other on the color wheel
Complimentary:
Use colors opposite each other on the color wheel

89. Color Wheel
Add Monochromatic, Polychromatic, Complimentary and Analogous color schemes to your color wheel.

90. Visual Color Advancing color: moves towards the viewer
Yellow
Receding color: moves away from the viewer
Purple

91. Activity
Review Quiz 4

92. Designing Basic Floral Work
Intro to Floriculture
Designing Basic Floral Work

93. Essential Question
Why is floral foam so useful in arrangements?

94. Warm Up
What could be done to improve this arrangement?

95. Tools- Cutting Tools
Knives: pocket knife (folds away when not in use), keep sharp for best results, could produce injuries
Florist Shears: cutting tool with short, serrated edges designed for cutting thick or woody stems and flowers that have been wired.

96. Tools: Cutting Tools
Pruning Shears: used in the landscaping area to cut branches from a tree or shrub.
Good for evergreens at Christmas
Scissors: cutting both ribbon and floral stems. Utility and fabric scissors

97. Tools: Supplies
Floral Foam (Oasis): porous, holds water, used wet or dry, comes in a brick
Soak for 30 minutes in water with preservative before use with fresh flowers
Foam Rules
Leave ½” above container for stability
Foam can be wrapped
Leave space for water later!
Anchor to container
Hot glue (disposal container)
Water proof double sided tape
Anchor pins, used with clay at bottom of container

98. Other Anchors
Needlepoint/Pincushion holder: attached to container with floral clay
Chicken Wire: good for heavy branches
Greening Pin: ‘s’ top ‘hairpin’, keeps foliage in place
Water tubes: plastic tubes with rubber tops and holes to put fresh flowers in, potted arrangements
Hyacinth Pins: green wooden stakes that offer support for heavy flowers

99. Vase Arrangements Originated in Italy Bud Vase: most commonly ordered
Often hard to make for beginners
Avoid holes by:
Foliage grid: place greenery in a circle to create natural framework
Tape Grid: place tape at 90 degree angles to make framework
Marble: placed at the bottom of the vase provide support

100. Geometric Design Visualize your shape
Set the height, add width, contour
Contour: three dimensional radiation in an arrangement
Remember: Tall flowers in the back and work forward!
Vertical: Linear arrangement
Triangular: Popular! Weddings
Circular: Used commercially

101. Floral Design Review

103. Triangular

105. Naturalistic Design Draws on nature and gardening for inspiration
Grouping: placing flowers and foliage in units as if they were naturally growing there
Often use baskets
Sheet moss/ Spanish moss often used
Fake birds, insects etc used to accent

106. Foiling Decorating floral pots Types
Lightweight: not as resistant to tearing and water damage. It is colored on one side and silver on the other.
Poly Foil: polyethylene added to the silver side, more resistant to tearing

107. Activity
Review Quiz 5

108. Designing Centerpieces
Intro to Floriculture
Designing Centerpieces

109. Essential Question
What is one important piece of information when taking a centerpiece order?

110. Warm Up
What holiday could this be used for?

111. Centerpieces Since the 18th Century !
Started low, now come in varying heights
Centerpieces throughout a room coordinate

112. Typical Centerpieces
Bud Vases- one to three flowers, small, multiples on a long table
Small Vase- ratio of 1 to 1 flowers, more emphasis on flowers
Round centerpieces- round and square tables, low and round, looks the same from any point

113. Typical Centerpieces
Oval Centerpieces- oval or rectangle tables, outline may be triangular or rounded
Conical centerpieces- cone shaped, three dimensional
Tall Centerpieces- add dimension to a room, room appears smaller

114. Centerpiece Accessories
Add atmosphere and interest
Create harmony
Examples: Candle with holder, fruit, ribbons

115. Taking a Centerpiece Order
1. When is the event, date, time, and how much time is needed to set up?
2. Where is the location and what is the size of the room?
3. What is the style of the room?
4. What are the room colors, and what are the colors associated with the event or event sponsor?
5. What is the preferred style of the event (formal, informal, casual, contemporary, elegant)?
6. How many tables will need centerpieces and what are the shapes and sizes of the tables?
7. How many additional floral designs will be needed?
8. What is the budget for flowers?
9. What is the “feel” for the event?

116. Flowers and Holidays
Valentines Day: Roses, Baby’s Breath, Red and White Carnations, Plush Animals chocolates
St. Patrick’s: Green tinted carnations, shamrocks
Easter: Spiritual/Whimsical, pastel/vibrant colors
Mother’s Day: Spring type flowers

117. Flowers and Holidays
Halloween: fall colors, pumpkins, cornucopia. Fastest growing holiday for arrangements
Thanksgiving: Analogous colors, cornucopia, Raffia (palm material)
Christmas: real and artificial, votive candles, wreaths

118. Activity Step 1:Practice with a partner
Taking a floral arrangement order
Step 2: How can we streamline this process?
Think of a process that would make ordering a centerpiece quicker, easier
Step 3: How can we improve the experience?
Are their other questions you could add to the process to make ordering more accurate?

119. Activity
Review Quiz 6

120. Work to Check In Review Quiz 1-6 ? Book Work Unit 49?
Floral Design with prompt?
Color Wheel with keys?

121. Test Review
Vocabulary: Repetition, Focal point, Radiation, Balance, Contrast, Proportion, Dominance, Transition, Rhythm, Variation, Naturalistic, Free Form, Geometric (design)
What are the main color schemes that can be used in floral design?
Describe the international market of cut flowers from the producer to the retail florist
What are the 5 main causes of deterioration?
What are the main requirements of fresh cut flowers?
Represent the 3 types of triangular designs.
What is floral foam? What are the “rules” for it s use?