1. Chapter 5 Tissues

2. 5 - 2 u Introduction: Tissues u A.Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body.  B. Also contain an extracellular matrix – a nonliving portion supports the cells and transmits signals to cells u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

3. 5 - 3 u C. Four types of tissues: Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

4. 5 - 4 Epithelial Tissue A. General Characteristics: u Found throughout the body u Has an exposed surface u A basement membrane anchors it to connective tissue u Lack blood vessels u Tightly packed u Readily divide

5. 5 - 5 B. Categorizing Epithelial Tissues uSuShape Squamous Cuboidal Columnar uLuLayers Simple Stratified

6. 5 - 6 Fig. 5.02a

7. 5 - 7 C._____ _______ Epithelium 1._____ ______ epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei. 2.Locations: - Covers ovaries, lines most kidney tubules and ducts of some glands (thyroid, salivary, pancreas and liver) u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8. 5 - 8 3. Functions: - In kidneys: Secretion and absorption - In glands: Secretion

9. 5 - 9 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

10. 5 - 10 Fig. 5.01a

11. 5 - 11 B. _______ _______ Epithelium 1.______ ______ epithelium is madeup of a single layer of thin, flattened cells. 2.Locations: - Lines air sacs, makes up the walls of capillaries and lines the inside of blood and lymph vessels u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. 5 - 12 3. Functions: - Site of diffusion (gas exchange in lungs) - Site of filtration (blood and lymph vessels )

13. 5 - 13 Fig. 5.01a

14. 5 - 14 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. 5 - 15 Fig. 5.03a

16. 5 - 16 D. ______ ________ Epithelium 1. Made up of a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. It may be ciliated. 2. Locations: - Ciliated: Female reproductive tubes - Nonciliated: Lines uterus and most organs of the digestive tract u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. 5 - 17 3. Functions: - Ciliated: Moves egg cells to uterus - In digestive system: Secreted digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients.

18. 5 - 18 - May contain microvilli that increase surface area for absorption - Also contain Goblet cells: Glands that secrete mucus for protection.

19. 5 - 19 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

20. 5 - 20 Fig. 5.04a

21. 5 - 21 E. _________ _________ Epithelium 1.These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered. 2.Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

22. 5 - 22 3. Locations: - Lines passage of respiratory system 4. Functions: - Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus which traps dust and microorganisms - Cilia move this mucus with particles up and out of respiratory system

23. 5 - 23 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

24. 5 - 24 Fig. 5.05a

25. 5 - 25 F._______ _______ Epithelium 1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened cells that are designed to protect underlying layers. 2. Locations: - It makes up the outer layer of skin (epidermis) - Lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. 5 - 26 Keratinization in the Epidermis u As cells age, they produce the protein, Keratin, and dry out. These cells move towards top layer u Produces a covering of dry, tough protective covering u Prevents water loss and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.

27. 5 - 27 Fig. 5.05a

28. 5 - 28 Fig. 5.07a

29. 5 - 29 H. _______ _______ Epithelium 1.This tissue consists of several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, and parts of the pharynx. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

30. 5 - 30 I.Transitional Epithelium u Transitional epithelium is designed to distend and return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

31. 5 - 31 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

32. 5 - 32 Fig. 5.06a

33. 5 - 33 G. _________ ________ Epithelium 1.This tissue consists of two to three layers of cuboidal cells which provides greater protection 2. Locations: - Lining of the lumen (space within tubular structures) -Lines larger ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, as well as the pancreas u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34. 5 - 34 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. 5 - 35 J. Glandular Epithelium 1.This tissue is made up of cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. 2.Found within columnar and cuboidal epithelia u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36. 5 - 36 3. Types: a Endocrine Secretes substances into body fluids b. Exocrine: Secretes substances into ducts

37. 5 - 37 3.Exocrine glands are classified by the ways they secrete their products. a.Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped as serous which produce a watery fluid or mucus which produce a thicker, protective substance. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

38. 5 - 38 b. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands). c.Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands). u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

39. 5 - 39 Fig. 5.09

40. 5 - 40 Connective Tissues: A.General Characteristics 1. Functions: - bind structures - provide support and protection - framework - fill spaces - store fat - produce blood cells - protect against infections - help repair tissue damage u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

41. 5 - 41 2. Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues have abundant matrix, or intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).

42. 5 - 42 Fig. 5.10

43. 5 - 43 B.Major Cell Types 1. Fibroblasts Fixed cell Produce fibers into extracellular matrix u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

44. 5 - 44 Fig. 5.11

45. 5 - 45 2. Macrophages u A wandering cell; a.k.a. Histiocytes u Destroy foreign substances by phagocytosis

46. 5 - 46 Fig. 5.12

47. 5 - 47 3. Mast cells u Release heparin (prevents blood clotting) and histamine (associated with allergic reactions and inflammation)

48. 5 - 48 C.Connective Tissue Fibers Collagenous Fibers u Thick threads of collagen u Flexible and slightly elastic u Resist pulling force u Examples: Tendons and ligaments u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

49. 5 - 49 Elastic Fibers uMuMade of protein, elastin uTuThin and form networks uCuCan stretch and resume original shape uLuLocations: Vocal cords

50. 5 - 50 Reticular fibers u Very thin collagenous fibers u Form delicate supporting network u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

51. 5 - 51 Fig. 5.13a

52. 5 - 52 D. _______ ________ (______) Tissue u Forms delicate, thin membranes u Cells are spread apart u Binds skin to underlying organs u Fills space between muscles u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

53. 5 - 53 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

54. 5 - 54 Fig. 5.14a

55. 5 - 55 E._________ Tissue uSuStores fat uFuFound: Beneath skin Between muscles Surface of the heart Around some joints uFuFunctions: Cushions and insulates Stores energy u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

56. 5 - 56 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

57. 5 - 57 Fig. 5.15a

58. 5 - 58 F._______ ________ Tissue u Tightly packed, thick collagenous fibers u Has relatively few cells u Very strong and can withstand pulling forces u Makeup parts of tendons and ligaments u Poor blood supply u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

59. 5 - 59 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

60. 5 - 60 Fig. 5.16a

61. 5 - 61 G.Cartilage u Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue u Provides a supportive framework for various structures. u It lacks a vascular system u Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) lie within lacunae (small chambers) in the gel-like fluid matrix. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

62. 5 - 62 Hyaline cartilage u Has fine collagenous fibers u Found: On ends of bones in many joints Nose Supporting rings of respiratory passages u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

63. 5 - 63 Elastic cartilage uDuDense network of elastic cartliage uFuFound: External ears Parts of the larynx

64. 5 - 64 Fibrocartilage u Very tough tissue with many collagenous fibers u Shock absorber u Found: Intervertral discs Knees Pelvic girdle

65. 5 - 65 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

66. 5 - 66 H.Bone u Bone is the most rigid connective tissue u Functions: Bone internally supports the body Protects internal organs Forms muscle attachments Site for blood cell formation. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

67. 5 - 67  Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie within lacunae and are arranged in concentric circles (osteons) around osteonic canals interconnected by canaliculi. u Bone has a good blood supply, enabling rapid recovery after an injury. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

68. 5 - 68 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

69. 5 - 69 Osteocyte

70. 5 - 70 I.Blood 1.Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma. 2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body and fight infection. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

71. 5 - 71 Muscle Tissues: A. General Characteristics 1.Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and consist of three major types. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

72. 5 - 72 Fig. 5.21a

73. 5 - 73

74. 5 - 74 Fig. 5.22a

75. 5 - 75 B.Skeletal Muscle Tissue u Found: u Control: u Has Multiple Nuclei u Appearance: Due to alternating light and dark strands in muscle cells u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

76. 5 - 76 Skeletal Muscle

77. 5 - 77 C.Smooth Muscle Tissue u Found: u Control: u Appearance u Contain a single nucleus u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

78. 5 - 78 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

79. 5 - 79 D.Cardiac Muscle Tissue uFuFound: uIuIntercalated disks uAuAppearance: uCuControl: uCuContain a single nucleus u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

80. 5 - 80 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

81. 5 - 81 Nervous Tissues: A.Nervous tissues are found: B.________, or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses while helper cells, or _________, support and nourish the neurons. u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

82. 5 - 82 u Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

83. 5 - 83 Epithelial Membranes u Composed of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue u Cover body surfaces and line body cavities u Four main types: serous, mucous, synovial, and cutaneous u Considered to be organs because these membranes are composed of more than one type of tissue

84. 5 - 84  Types of Membranes A._________ membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside. 1.They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within these cavities. 2.Made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue and secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

85. 5 - 85 B._______ membranes line the cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities, and openings of the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems. 1.They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with specialized cells that secrete mucus. Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

86. 5 - 86 C.__________ membranes line the joint cavities. 1.These membranes consist of only connective tissues, and they secrete lubricating synovial fluid. D.The cutaneous membrane consists of the skin (also called the integument). Copyright  The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.