1. Sensation & Perception
To represent the world, we must detect physical energy (a stimulus) from the environment and convert it into neural signals. This is a process called sensation.
When we select, organize, and interpret our sensations, the process is called perception.
OBJECTIVE 1| Contrast sensation and perception, and explain the difference between bottom-up and top-down processing.

2. Bottom-up Processing
Analysis of the stimulus begins with the sense receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind. ASSOCIATE WITH SENSATION.
Letter “A” is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an “A.”

3. THE CHT Top-Down Processing
Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations. ASSOCIATE WITH PERCEPTION (schemas also)
THE CHT

4. Thresholds
Absolute Threshold: Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
Proportion of “Yes” Responses
Stimulus Intensity (lumens)
OBJECTIVE 2| Distinguish between absolute and difference thresholds, and discuss whether we can sense stimuli below our absolute thresholds and be influenced by them.

5. Subliminal Threshold
Subliminal Threshold: When stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
Kurt Scholz/ Superstock

6. SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION
The priming effect = the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response.

7. WEBER’S LAW
Weber’s Law JND = KI. To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage.
K = constant (see chart from Bernstein)
I = intensity
Major principle: Our thresholds for detecting differences are a roughly constant proportion of the size of the original stimulus)

8. Signal Detection Theory (SDT)
Predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimulation). SDT assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends on:
Person’s experience
Expectations
Motivation
Level of fatigue
Carol Lee/ Tony Stone Images

9. SDT Matrix
The observer decides whether she hears the tone or not, based on the signal being present or not. This translates into four outcomes.
Decision
Yes No
Signal
Present
Hit
Miss
Absent
False
Alarm
Correct Rejection

10. Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile
Sensory Adaptation
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation (unchanging stimulus).
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe sensory adaptation, and explain how we benefit from being unaware of changing stimuli.
Put a band aid on your arm and after awhile
you don’t sense it.

11. Wavelength (Hue)
Hue (color) is the dimension of color determined by the wavelength of the light.
Wavelength is the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

12. Intensity (Brightness)
Intensity Amount of energy in a wave determined by the amplitude. It is related to perceived brightness.

13. The Eye
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe the major structure of the eye, and explain how they guide the incoming ray of light toward the eye’s receptor cells.

14. The Lens
Lens: Transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina.
Accommodation: The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina.

15. The Lens
Nearsightedness: A condition in which nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects.
Farsightedness: A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects.

16. Parts of the eye
Cornea: Transparent tissue where light enters the eye.
Iris: Muscle that expands and contracts to change the size of the opening (pupil) for light.
Lens: Focuses the light rays on the retina.
Retina: Contains sensory receptors (rods and cones) that process visual information and send it to the brain. Rods and cones contain photopigment – chemicals that respond to light.

17. RETINAL PROCESSING
The axons of the ganglion cells form the optic nerve (where it leaves the eye, a blind spot is created.
Ganglion cells have a center surround receptive field. How the light hits the center vs the outside helps us to see edges and contrasts between light and dark.

18. Visual Information Processing
Optic nerves connect to the thalamus (specific region = LGN the lateral geniculate nucleus) in the middle of the brain, and the thalamus connects to the visual cortex.
OBJECTIVE 7| Discuss the different levels of processing that occur as information travels from the retina to the brain’s cortex.

19. Feature Detection
Nerve cells in the visual cortex respond to specific features hierarchically, such as edges, angles, and movement. Discovered by Hubel and Wiesal – won Nobel Prize
Ross Kinnaird/ Allsport/ Getty Images

20. Visual Information Processing
Processing of several aspects of the stimulus simultaneously is called parallel processing (the opposite of serial processing). The brain divides a visual scene into subdivisions such as color, depth, form and movement etc.
OBJECTIVE 8| Discuss parallel processing and discuss its role in visual processing.

21. SUMMARY Color processing has two stages.
The retina’s red, green, and blue cones respond to different color stimuli in different ratios (Trichromatic Theory).
Then, the nervous system’s ganglion cells with their center surround feature process information on its way to the visual cortex (Opponent-Process Theory) . Afterimage demonstrates

22. VISUAL CAPTURE How important is vision?
Is vision more important than the other senses?

23. Frequency (Pitch)
Frequency (pitch): The dimension of frequency determined by the wavelength of sound.
Wavelength: The distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

24. Intensity (Loudness)
Intensity (Loudness): Amount of energy in a wave, determined by the amplitude, relates to the perceived loudness.

25. The Ear
Dr. Fred Hossler/ Visuals Unlimited
OBJECTIVE 12| Describe the three regions of the ear, and outline the series of events that triggers the electrical impulses sent to the brain.

26. Cochlea
Cochlea: Coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear that transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals.

27. AUDITION
The cilia or hair cells, respond to ripples in the basilar membrane.
Auditory nerve sends message to thalamus and then temporal lobe’s auditory cortex
Loudness determined by the number of activated hair cells.

28. Theories of Audition
Von Helmholtz’s Place Theory suggests that sound frequencies stimulate the basilar membrane at specific places resulting in perceived pitch. Best explains sensing high pitches.
OBJECTIVE 13| Contrast place and frequency theories, and explain how they help us to understand pitch perception.

29. Theories of Audition
Frequency Theory states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch. Best explains low pitches.
Auditory Nerve
Action Potentials
Sound
Frequency
200 Hz
100 Hz

30. Theories of Audition
Volley principle: subset of Frequency theory – Alternating firing of neural cells allows to sense very high frequencies.
Combination of place and frequency theories best explains intermediate range

31. Localization of Sounds
Because we have two ears, sounds that reach one ear faster than the other ear cause us to localize the sound.
OBJECTIVE 14| Describe how we pinpoint sounds.

32. Timing and Intensity help in localizing sound
Localization of Sound
Timing and Intensity help in localizing sound
The brain uses parallel processing - processing timing differences and intensity differences as well as other features of sound such as contrast SIMULTANEOUSLY

33. Hearing Loss
Conduction Hearing Loss: Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system (3 bones) that conducts sound waves to the cochlea.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve, also called nerve deafness.
OBJECTIVE 15| Contrast two types of hearing loss, and describe some of their causes.

34. NERVE DEAFNESS
Often linked to heredity, aging and prolonged exposure to loud sounds
These tissues cannot be regenerated once dead
Digital hearing aids little help for nerve deafness

35. SENSORY COMPENSATION DEFINITION: slight enhancement of other senses
Example: people with aphasia (inability to express language) are more accurate with nonverbal cues

36. Other Important Senses
The sense of touch (essential to development) is a mix of four distinct skin senses—pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe the sense of touch. “Touch is both the alpha and omega of affection” (James, 1890).
Bruce Ayers/ Stone/ Getty Images

37. Skin Senses
Only pressure has identifiable receptors. All other skin sensations are variations of pressure, warmth, cold and pain.
Pressure
Vibration
Vibration
Burning hot
Cold, warmth and pain

38. TOUCH AND TEMPERATURE = SOMATIC SENSES
1. The stimulus and receptors for touch
a.when hairs on skin are bent, they deform the skin beneath them
b.receptors that transduce this deformation into neural activity are in or near the skin
2. Some areas are more sensitive because they have more receptors
Adaptation – change is the most important information

39. PAIN
1. Pain is necessary!
a. Different thresholds for pain; hyperalgesia: extreme sensitivity
b. Damage = release of bradykinin, a chemical that fits into specialized receptors in pain neurons
C .Mylinated to carry message faster (A. Delta); C fibers carry dull pain
d. Emotional aspects of pain – expectation
e. Natural analgesics = endorphins and serotonin

40. Gate-Control Theory
Melzak and Wall (1965, 1983) proposed that our spinal cord contains neurological “gates” that either block pain or allow it to be sensed.
One way to treat chronic pain is to stimulate it through massage by electrical stimulation or acupuncture. Rubbing causes competitive stimulation to pain thus reduces its effect.
Gary Comer/ PhototakeUSA.com

41. GUSTATION
Receptors for taste are located in the taste buds grouped together in papillae
10,000 in mouth, mostly on the tongue, also in back of tongue

42. GUSTATION Gustation is a chemical sense
Taste receptor cells project hairs into pores
Can reproduce themselves, but decrease with age
Flavor: Smell + taste, also affected by temperature

43. OLFACTION
Odors are sensed in the upper part of the nose, where receptors detect molecules that pass into the moisture of the lining of the nose.
They are the only neurons which are exposed and replace themselves
Diminish with age, smoking, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and alcoholism

44. OLFACTION
Olfaction is a dual sense because we detect odors that are either
Internal entering through the mouth, or
External entering through the nose
We have particular receptors for particular smells
Axel and Beck received the Nobel prize for discovering receptor proteins embedded in surface of nasal cavity
Odors trigger a combination of receptors, then interpreted by olfactory cortex

45. PROPRIOCEPTION
Sensory systems giving information about the position of the body and what each part is doing
Sensorimotor co-ordination

46. Body Position and Movement
The sense of our body parts’ position and movement is called kinesthesis. The vestibular sense monitors the head (and body’s) position.
OBJECTIVE 21| Distinguish between kinesthesis and vestibular sense.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Whirling Dervishes
Wire Walk

47. VESTIBULAR SYSTEM
Vestibular System = information about the position and movement of the head
Located in Inner Ear
Semicircular Canals
Vestibular sacs - connect canals with cochlea
Fluid and otoliths (crystals) on hair

48. Smell and Memories
The brain region for smell (in red) is closely connected with the brain regions involved with memory (limbic system).

49. VESTIBULAR SENSE Movement influences fluid in sacs and canals
Neural connections with
Cerebellum = balance
ANS = affects digestive system
Muscles of eyes (vestibular-ocular reflex)

50. iClicker Questions for
Psychology, 8th Edition by David G. Myers
Karla Gingerich, Colorado State University
Chapter 5: Sensation

51. 1.Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of:
A. retinal disparity.
B. interposition.
C. top-down processing.
D. perceptual adaptation.

52. 2.The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of:
A. top-down processing.
B. interposition.
C. retinal disparity.
D. visual capture.

53. 3.Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Humans cannot sense stimuli below the absolute threshold.
B. Humans cannot be affected by stimuli below the absolute threshold at all.
C. Stimuli presented below the absolute threshold can have a subtle, brief effect on behavior.
D. Stimuli presented below the absolute threshold exert a strong, powerful effect on behavior.

54. 4.If you move your watchband up your wrist an inch or so, you will feel it for only a few moments. This best illustrates:
A. parallel processing.
B. accommodation.
C. sensory adaptation.
D. Weber's law.

55. 5.As we look at a flower, the intensity of the color we see is related to the light wave’s:
A. amplitude.
B. hue.
C. length.
D. placement on the spectrum.

56. 6.The eye’s “blind spot” is related to:
A. light rays focusing too far in front of the retina.
B. light rays focusing too far behind the retina.
C. a cluster of cells around the fovea which contains cones, but no rods.
D. an area without receptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the eye.

57. 7.Rather than saying a person is “colorblind,” it would be more accurate to say that the person:
A. has a blind spot.
B. lacks red- or green-sensitive cones.
C. is experiencing an overstimulation of the red- and green-sensitive cones.
D. has an excess of blue-sensitive cones.

58. 8.The malleus, incus, and stapes are found in the:
A. middle ear.
B. inner ear.
C. cochlea.
D. outer ear.

59. 9.What is umami?
A. a taste sensation for which researchers recently discovered receptors on the tongue
B. receptors on the tongue that respond only to bitter tastes
C. receptors on the tongue that allow us to taste nutrients in food, such as proteins and vitamins
D. a condition in which there is a loss of the sensation of taste

60. 10.As a professional chef, which of the following sensations would you rely on most?
A. hearing
B. seeing
C. balance
D. smell

61. Critical Thinking Questions

62. 11.Which of the following activities requires you to use the absolute threshold for sensation?
A. telling the difference between sweet and salty
B. detecting a tiny, faint light on a radar screen
C. deciding if two glasses contain the same amount of water
D. telling if your guitar is in tune

63. 12.You are going to design an experiment to determine whether there are special areas on the tongue to detect the taste of sweet, or whether the taste can be detected in all areas of the tongue. Which of these must be done before you can start the experiment?
A. operationally define sweet.
B. pick out subjects who like sweet tastes.
C. pick out the items that you will use for sweet tastes.
D. none of these are necessary.

64. 13.Your roommate, who has trouble understanding Weber’s Law, asks you, “How different do two stimuli need to be, in order for a person to notice the difference?” You explain that:
A. the stimuli must differ by at least ten percent.
B. the difference threshold decreases with the magnitude of the stimulus.
C. the minimum difference needed for detection depends on the type of stimulus.
D. Weber’s Law does not address this issue.

65. 14.Researcher James Hixby (2001) stated, “We can tell if a person is looking at a shoe, a chair, or a face, based on the pattern of their brain activity.” This statement is relevant to:
A. sensory adaptation.
B. feature detection.
C. opponent-process theory.
D. place theory.

66. 15.Racial and ethnic stereotypes can sometimes bias our perceptions of others' behaviors. This best illustrates the impact of:
A. retinal disparity.
B. interposition.
C. top-down processing.
D. perceptual adaptation.

67. Perception Chapter 6

68. Perception
The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information, which enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events
(Top down processing).

69. Selective Attention
Perceptions about objects change from moment to moment. Example: the Stroop Task - what is it?
OBJECTIVE 1| Describe the interplay between attention and perception.
Necker Cube

70. Inattentional Blindness
Inattentional blindness refers to the inability to see an object or a person in our midst.
Daniel Simons, University of Illinois

71. Change Blindness
Change blindness is a form of inattentional blindness in which two-thirds of individuals giving directions failed to notice a change in the individual asking for directions.
© 1998 Psychonomic Society Inc. Image provided courtesy of Daniel J. Simmons.

72. POP-OUT
A STRIKINGLY DISTINCT STIMULUS DRAWS OUR EYE

73. SELECTIVE ATTENTION Attentional resources are limited
Overt vs covert orienting
When can we divide attention?
How automatic?
Different kinds of attentional resources
Stress narrows attention

74. Perceptual Illusions
Illusions provide good examples in understanding how perception is organized. Studying faulty perception is as important as studying other perceptual phenomena. Muller-Lyer Illusion:
OBJECTIVE 2| Explain how illusions help us understand some of the ways we organize stimuli into meaningful perceptions.
Line AB is longer than line BC.

75. Perceptual Organization
When vision competes with our other senses, vision usually wins – a phenomena called visual capture.
How do we form meaningful perceptions from sensory information?
We organize it. Gestalt psychologists showed that a figure formed a “whole” different than its surroundings.
OBJECTIVE 3| Describe Gestalt psychology's contribution to our understanding of perception.

76. PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Sensation (bottom up processing) and Perception (top down processing) blend into one continuous process
Fundamental point: We constantly filter sensory information and infer perceptions in ways that make sense to us. Mind matters.

77. Form Perception
Organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground). Another example: cocktail party phenomena
OBJECTIVE 4| Explain the figure-ground relationship and identify principles of perceptual grouping in form perception.
Time Savings Suggestion, © 2003 Roger Sheperd.

78. REVERSIBLE FIGURE GROUND
Reversible figure-ground illusions demonstrate that the same stimulus can trigger more than one perception.

79. Grouping
After distinguishing the figure from the ground, our perception needs to organize the figure into a meaningful form using grouping rules (Gestalt psychologists).

80. OTHER GROUPING PRINCIPLES
LIKLIHOOD PRINCIPLE: we tend to perceive objects in the way that experience tells us is the most likely physical arrangement
Auditory scene analysis
Sound localization
Visual capture

81. Depth Perception
Depth perception enables us to judge distances. Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human infants (crawling age) have depth perception. Depth perception appears to be innate, amplified by experience
OBJECTIVE 5| Explain the importance of depth perception, and discuss the contribution of visual cliff research to our understanding of this ability.
Innervisions
Visual Cliff

82. DEPTH PERCEPTION
Two dimensional images fall on our retina, how do we see three dimensionally?
Depth perception (seeing objects in three dimensions) allows us to judge distance

83. Binocular Cues
Retinal disparity: Images from the two eyes differ. Brain compares these images, their differences provide cues to relative distance of different objects

84. Accomodation – muscles surrounding the lens tightening
Binocular Cues
Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move inward (towards the nose) to see near objects and outward (away from the nose) to see faraway objects.
Accomodation – muscles surrounding the lens tightening
OBJECTIVE 6| Describe two binocular cues for perceiving depth, and explain how they help the brain to compute distance.

85. Monocular Cues
Relative Size: If two objects are similar in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be farther away.
OBJECTIVE 7| Explain how monocular cues differ from binocular cues, and describe several monocular cues for perceiving depth.

86. Monocular Cues
Interposition: Objects that occlude (block) other objects tend to be perceived as closer.
Rene Magritte, The Blank Signature, oil on canvas,
National Gallery of Art, Washington. Collection of
Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon. Photo by Richard Carafelli.

87. Monocular Cues
Relative Clarity: Because light from distant objects passes through more light than closer objects, we perceive hazy objects to be farther away than those objects that appear sharp and clear.

88. Monocular Cues
Texture Gradient: Indistinct (fine) texture signals an increasing distance.
© Eric Lessing/ Art Resource, NY

89. Monocular Cues
Relative Height: We perceive objects that are higher in our field of vision to be farther away than those that are lower.
Image courtesy of Shaun P. Vecera, Ph. D.,
adapted from stimuli that appered in Vecrera et al., 2002

90. Monocular Cues
Relative motion: Objects closer to a fixation point move faster and in opposing direction to those objects that are farther away from a fixation point, moving slower and in the same direction.

91. Monocular Cues
Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge in the distance. The more the lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.
© The New Yorker Collection, 2002, Jack Ziegler
from cartoonbank.com. All rights reserved.

92. Monocular Cues
Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the dimmer one appears to be farther away.
From “Perceiving Shape From Shading” by Vilayaur
S. Ramachandran. © 1988 by Scientific American, Inc.
All rights reserved.

93. Motion Perception
Motion Perception: Objects traveling towards us grow in size (looming) and those moving away shrink in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.
OBJECTIVE 8| State the basic assumption we make in our perceptions of motion, and explain how these perceptions can be deceiving.

94. Apparent Motion
Phi Phenomenon: When lights flash at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception.
One light jumping from one point to another: Illusion of motion.
Two lights flashing one after the other.

95. Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change. Brain needs to recognize the object without being deceived by changes. Perceptual constancies include constancies of shape and size.
OBJECTIVE 9| Explain the importance of perceptual constancy.
Shape Constancy

96. Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli.
Size Constancy
Stable size perception amid changing size of the stimuli.
OBJECTIVE 10| Describe the shape and size constancy, and explain how our expectations about perceived size and distance to some visual illusions.
Size Constancy

97. Size-Distance Relationship
The distant monster (below, left) and the top red bar (below, right) appear bigger because of distance cues. Cultural experience also influences.
Alan Choisnet/ The Image Bank
From Shepard, 1990

98. Size-Distance Relationship
Both girls in the room are of similar height. However, we perceive them to be of different heights as they stand in the two corners of the room.
Both photos from S. Schwartzenberg/ The Exploratorium

99. Lightness Constancy
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss lightness constancy and its similarity to color constancy.
Courtesy Edward Adelson
The color and brightness of square A and B are the same. Depends on relative luminance - the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings.

100. Color Constancy
Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color even when changing illumination filters the light reflected by the object.
Color Constancy

101. Perceptual Interpretation
Immanuel Kant ( ) maintained that knowledge comes from our inborn ways of organizing sensory experiences.
John Locke ( ) argued that we learn to perceive the world through our experiences.
How important is experience in shaping our
perceptual interpretation?

102. Sensory Deprivation
Kittens raised without exposure to horizontal lines later had difficulty perceiving horizontal bars. Influence of critical periods shown.
Blakemore & Cooper (1970)

103. Whisper Down the Lane example.
Perceptual Set
A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.
Whisper Down the Lane example.
OBJECTIVE 14| Define perceptual set, and explain how it influences what we do or do not perceive. Right half the class should close their eyes and the left half of the class should see the saxophonist for about 20 seconds. Then the left half of the class should close the eyes and the right half should see the woman’s face. All of them should then write their responses while watching the middle picture. Responses are compared to show perceptual set.
From Shepard, 1990.

104. Allport and Postman
LEVELING - perceiver drops certain details because they don’t “fit”
SHARPENING - details consistent with values and interests are emphasized
ASSIMILATION - padding and organization used to make central theme fit subject’s expectations

105. PERCEPTUAL SET What determines perceptual set?
Through experience we form concepts, or schemas, that organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
Example: a child’s simplified drawing of people
Our innate schemas for faces primes us, especially attune to the eyes and mouth

106. Schemas
Schemas are concepts that organize and interpret unfamiliar information.
Courtesy of Anna Elizabeth Voskuil
All what we perceive not only comes from the environment but also from our minds. Schemas or concepts develop through experience.
Children's schemas represent reality as well as their abilities to represent what they see.

107. Context instilled by culture also alters perception.
Cultural Context
Context instilled by culture also alters perception.
To an East African, the woman sitting is balancing a metal box on her head, while the family is sitting under a tree.

108. Is perception innate or acquired?
Perception Revisited
Is perception innate or acquired?

109. Perception & Human Factors
Human Factor Psychologists design machines that assist our natural perceptions.
OBJECTIVE 16| Describe the role human factors psychologists play in creating user-friendly machines and work settings.
Photodisc/ Punchstock
Courtesy of General Electric
The knobs for the stove burners on the right are easier to understand than those on the left.

110. Human Factors & Misperceptions
Understanding human factors enables us to design equipment to prevent disasters.
Two-thirds of airline crashes caused by human error are largely due to errors of perception.

111. iClicker Questions for
Psychology, 8th Edition by David G. Myers
Karla Gingerich, Colorado State University
Chapter 6: Perception

112. 1.As you talk with a friend at a party, her voice is distinct from all the other voices you hear. This illustrates the perceptual principle of:
A. grouping.
B. proximity.
C. closure.
D. figure-ground.

113. 2.The way in which you quickly group the individual letters in this test item into separate words best illustrates the principle of:
A. closure.
B. proximity.
C. continuity.
D. convergence.

114. 3.Makers of 3-D movies rely most heavily on:
A. the visual cliff.
B. the Müller-Lyer illusion.
C. retinal disparity.
D. shape constancy.

115. 4.After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of:
A. perceptual sets.
B. visual capture.
C. bottom-up processing.
D. sensory adaptation.

116. 5.Which is easier to recognize?
A. an actual picture of a face
B. the caricature of the face
C. the anticaricature of the face
D. an upside-down picture of the face

117. 6.If a person were able to sense that his friend’s dog was lost and needed help, this person would be said to have:
A. psychokinesis.
B. telepathy.
C. precognition.
D. clairvoyance.

118. Critical Thinking Questions

119. 6.As we perceive the environment, we use Gestalt principles of good form to help organize things into meaningful groups and forms. In observing a football game on TV we are immediately able to recognize the players as members of their respective teams, regardless of their positions on the field. Which Gestalt principle is most responsible for this ability?
A. closure
B. proximity
C. similarity
D. continuity

120. 7. In the same football game, we watch as a team attempts a field goal
7.In the same football game, we watch as a team attempts a field goal. Since the goal posts are distant and the time to make a decision is short, the referee must use many perceptual cues to decide whether the kick is good or not. One important ability is depth perception. Which of the following cues might be most helpful in deciding whether the field goal is successful?
A. linear perspective
B. motion parallax
C. convergence
D. interposition

121. 8.You are an artist and you are interested in completing a painting that gives a three-dimensional appearance. You want to show a beach in the foreground of the painting, people swimming in the ocean, and sailboats in the distance. Which perceptual principles will be most helpful as you complete your painting?
A. binocular depth cues
B. monocular depth cues
C. Gestalt principles of proximity and continuity
D. perceptual principles only operate in “real life” situations

122. 9.You are most likely to observe the phi phenomenon while:
A. looking at a string of Christmas tree lights that blink quickly in succession.
B. staring at a Necker cube.
C. comparing the size of the moon while its in the sky to its size near the horizon.
D. attempting to catch fly ball that is quickly coming toward you.