1. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 1 Format of lecture The impact of 3G networks Introduction Current state Technology Applications Players Summary

2. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 2 Market Place Two kinds of networking for majority of mobile devices Wide Area Network (WAN) These are mobile phone technologies GPRS UMTS Personal Area Network (PAN) Bluetooth Infrared Proprietary technology Local Area Network (LAN) Wi-Fi in some newer devices (thus Skype capable)

3. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 3 Personal Area Networks (PAN) These are networks which are designed to operate within a small distance Usually within 10 metres of each other The speed varies from 100 Kbps to 2 Mbps These speeds are Kilobits per second NOT Kilobytes This is more than enough to transfer in-game information like bot position changes This is more of a consideration is you were intending to move multimedia data in real-time Remember to treat quoted speeds with caution, they rarely achieve these speeds in reality

4. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 4 Market Place PANs operate in a license-free frequency band Commonly referred to as the “Industrial Scientific and Medical” (ISM) band Defined by the International Telecommunication union (ITU) Any technology can use this frequency without gaining permission first This frequency is available nearly globally and is free for non- commercial use For common use for PANs the frequency is 2.4Ghz There are other frequency bands available Some of the problem is that all technologies use the same frequency giving interference

5. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 5 WAN Phone Technology This is available on a national basis Allows for communications via the Internet to other devices Communications sent via the Internet can be unreliable Communications are expensive (depending on company) Latency in these communications is difficult to predict Security when connecting to the public internet is a concern IPV6 may deal with this, as IP security (IPSEC) is mandatory with this

6. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 6 Current Phone Technology GSM phones The type that most people currently own Connection speeds of 9.6 Kbps Although can be connected to the internet mostly these devices are not Devices are intended for ‘voice’ communications with limited data capabilities General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) New Generation devices XDA II, N-Gage, Sony Erricson p910i, etc

7. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 7 Current Phone Technology General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) New Generation devices XDA II uses GPRS Attached to the Internet to allow global communications Maximum throughput 171 Kbps (in theory) Reality depends on a lot of factors but is usually about 30 Kbps (http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/gurtov/papers/icc01.pdf, 2002)http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/u/gurtov/papers/icc01.pdf 3G Technology (UMTS) This is the latest technology phone technology

8. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 8 3G Technology (UMTS) This is the latest technology phone technology Attached to the internet currently has the same issues as GPRS In the future each device should have it’s own IPv6 address and benefit from this Not widely available at the moment Does not give complete coverage of the country Maximum throughput which is advertised is 2Mbps Reality at the moment is that maximum throughput offered is 384 Kbps Actually use shows with the Vodafone 3G card throughput of 264 Kbps (reviews.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/networking/0,39023965,39152563,00.htm, 2004)reviews.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/networking/0,39023965,39152563,00.htm

9. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 9 3G WCDMA or CDMA2000 instead of TDMA Multi-rate transmission – different speed for different type of data -Better QoS 3G is targeting the following data rate based on micro-cells, macro-cells and pico-cells Micro-cells - 144 kbits/s Macro-cells - 384 kbits/s Pico-cells -2048 kbits/s

10. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 10 PANs Most common technology for PANs at the moment is Bluetooth Alternative is Infrared, but this is being used less frequently Due to communication problems Inflexibility in the way that people play Player would have to be a certain distance apart and the devices can not be moved Standard states 1 Metre apart, but this can change Sunlight will interfere with the communications as the sun naturally gives off Infrared Only 2 devices can easily communicate (leads to a security difference) Many older PDAs use this technology

11. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 11 PANs - IR Devices must be within the LOS to communicate

12. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 12 Bluetooth What is Bluetooth? A radio based communication using the ISM band Maximum distance of 10 Metres Throughput of 721 Kbps Operates at 2.4 GHz, which is available license free globally Intended as a replacement for cables Low Power Usage Cheap to build and install

13. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 13 Bluetooth Allows Unicast and Multicast communications Ability to be resistant to interference Allows 7 simultaneous connections to a device 1 master and 7 slaves Master tells the slaves when they can transmit Master also uses its clock to synchronise the communicating slaves All of the devices will form a Piconet

14. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 14 Bluetooth - Unicast & Multicast Unicast each piece of information is sent to each individual so 3 people 3 packets sent Multicast each piece of information is sent to all devices who register an interest so 3 people 1 packet sent Very useful for multiplayer games

15. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 15 Bluetooth Less susceptible to interference due to the frequency hopping nature of transmissions The device will transmit on a frequency for a short time and then change to a new frequency These changes take place at the rate of 1600 hops a second Frequency Time Packet

16. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 16 Bluetooth Bluetooth – Interference Due to the frequency changing regularly any interference only affects a small part of the data This small part is then sent again This feature of Bluetooth Will effect other technologies in the vicinity that are not using frequency hopping Time

17. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 17 Bluetooth Bluetooth States Master The node which initialise the communications The master node has complete control over the other nodes within the PicoNet Slave A node which is part of the Piconet and receives instructions from the Master Parked Device which agrees to change to a low power state. Master will reactivate this node when required Standby Can receive signals from the master, but is not part of the Piconet

18. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 18 Bluetooth Bluetooth Communicating A slave device can only communicate when informed by a master The master will send a unique signal each slave This then allows the slave to communicate A slave can not communicate with another slave It must be forwarded by the master

19. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 19 Bluetooth in the Future Bluetooth although a good technology has never really reached its potential The American market is an area where Bluetooth has not succeeded The original developer of Bluetooth Erricson has dropped the technology They cited “that it doesn’t believe it is commercially viable to develop the technology further ” (www.twuf.org/sponsor_news.asp#61, 2004)www.twuf.org/sponsor_news.asp#61 Other technologies are emerging building on what Bluetooth offered Near Field Communications (NFC) - www.nfc-forum.org – 424 Kbpswww.nfc-forum.org ZigBee - www.zigbee.org – 250 Kbpswww.zigbee.org 802.15.3a - www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG3.html - 480 Mbps !!!!!!!www.ieee802.org/15/pub/TG3.html

20. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 20 New Devices - Example The Nintendo DS device uses IEEE 802.11 wireless standard based on Ethernet frames In the past 802.11 was not used due to the power requirements These have now been resolved, but they are still greater than other technologies Transfer rate of either 1 or 2 Mbps Allowing 16 players at any time to play with a maximum of 10m between players With the use of a hub attached will allow players to communicate across the Internet If developers support this function only 1 game cartridge is required per group of networked players The game before beginning will be transferred to all members of that game

21. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 21 Comparison (www.zigbee.org/about/faqs/index.asp, 2004)www.zigbee.org/about/faqs/index.asp

22. New Technology JC/JCW/MC/NAS Version 5 Mar 2009Slide 22 Future communications Fourth generation GSM (4G) Data rate 10Mbps or more Entirely packet switched networks Picocell Voice and data in packet