1. Emotions are our body’s adaptive response.
Where do emotions come from? Why do we have them? What are they made of?

2. Emotion Emotion a response of the whole organism physiological arousal
expressive behaviors
conscious experience

3. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

4. Does your heart pound
because you are afraid...
or are you afraid
because you feel
your heart pounding?

5. Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

6. James-Lange Theory
William James and Carl Lange proposed an idea that was diametrically opposed to the common-sense view. The James-Lange Theory proposes that physiological activity precedes the emotional experience.

7. Cannon-Bard Theory
Walter Cannon and Phillip Bard questioned the James-Lange Theory and proposed that an emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously.
1) Cannon suggested that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions. 2) Physiological responses seemed too slow to trigger sudden emotions.

8. Two-Factor Theory
Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer proposed yet another theory which suggests our physiology and cognitions create emotions. Emotions have two factors–physical arousal and cognitive label.

9. Figure Theories of emotion Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

10. Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?
Cognition and Emotion
What is the connection between how we think (cognition) and how we feel (emotion)?
Can we change our emotions by changing our thinking?

11. Cognition Can Define Emotion
An arousal response to one event spills over into our response to the next event.
OBJECTIVE 6| Explain how spillover effect influences our experience of emotion.
Arousal from a political protest can fuel anger, which may lead to rioting or violent confrontations.
(Schacter and Singer’s study)

12. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
A subliminally presented happy face can encourage subjects to drink more than when presented with an angry face (Berridge & Winkeilman, 2003).
OBJECTIVE 7| Distinguish the two alternate pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response.
Emotions are felt directly through the amygdala (a) or through the cortex (b) for analysis.

13. Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion
When fearful eyes were subliminally presented to subjects, fMRI scans revealed higher levels of activity in the amygdala (Whalen et al. 2004).

14. Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System
During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us.
OBJECTIVE 2| Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system during emotional arousal.

15. Cognition and Emotion
The brain’s shortcut for emotions

16. Two Routes to Emotion

17. Physiological Differences
Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy.
OBJECTIVE 5| Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions.
The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions.

18. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Psychologists are now linking
various emotions with specific facial
muscles (Paul Ekman)
We don’t do well using our intuition to determine if someone is lying (50% of the time we guess right). When people aren’t seeking to deceive us, we do much better.
Our brains are amazing emotion detectors.
Computers outperformed human non-experts, with 91% accuracy in recognizing six facial expressions.
communication. Problems??? :) :-(

19. Detecting and Computing Emotion
Most people find it difficult to detect deceiving emotions. Even trained professionals like police officers, psychiatrists, judges, and polygraphists detected deceiving emotions only 54% of the time.
OBJECTIVE 10| Discuss the research on reading and misreading facial and behavioral indicators of emotion.
Dr. Paul Elkman, University of California at San Francisco
Which of Paul Ekman’s smiles is genuine?

20. Culture and Emotional Expression
When culturally diverse people were shown basic facial expressions, they did fairly well at recognizing them (Ekman & Matsumoto, 1989).
OBJECTIVE 11| Discuss the culture-specific and culturally universal aspects of emotional expression, and explain how emotional expressions can enhance survival.

21. Emotion and Facial Expressions
Each basic emotion is associated with a unique facial expression
Facial expressions are innate and “hard-wired”
Innate facial expressions the same across many cultures
Display rules—social and cultural rules that regulate emotional expression, especially facial expressions.

22. Culture and Emotional Expression
Facial expression such as happiness and fear are common throughout the world. (Universal language)
Americans are more likely than Asians to openly display their feelings by their facial expressions.
Children’s facial expressions – even those of blind children who have never seen a face– are also universal.
To effectively manage emotions, people would be best advised to control their facial expressions.

23. Perception of Emotion Is Culture-Specific
Science Daily (Sep. 15, 2010) — Want to know how a Japanese person is feeling? Pay attention to the tone of his voice, not his face. That’s what other Japanese people would do, anyway. A new study examines how Dutch and Japanese people assess others’ emotions and finds that Dutch people pay attention to the facial expression more than Japanese people do. 

24. Physiological Similarities
Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar.
OBJECTIVE 4| Name three emotions that involve similar physiological arousal.
M. Grecco/ Stock Boston
Excitement and fear involve a similar
physiological arousal.

25. Experienced Emotion Izard (1977) isolated 10 emotions. Most of
them are present in infancy, except for contempt,
Shame, and guilt.
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
OBJECTIVE 13| Name the 10 basic emotions, and describe two dimensions psychologists use to differentiate emotions.
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

27. Two Dimensions of Emotion
Positive
valence
Negative
High
arousal
Low
pleasant
relaxation
joy
sadness
fear
anger

28. Close Up: Opponent-Process Theory of Emotion
Opponent process theory--every initial emotional reaction triggers an opposing emotion that diminishes the intensity of the initial emotional reaction.

29. Arousal and Performance
Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty.
OBJECTIVE 3| Discuss the relationship between arousal and performance.

30. Arousal and Performance
Performance peaks at lower levels of arousal for difficult tasks, and at higher levels for easy or well-learned tasks

31. History of the Polygraph
1. What does the Polygraph say about society’s attitudes and people’s experiences?
2. What are the implications of relying heavily on the polygraph?
3. What do you think the future of polygraphs holds?

32. Emotion-Lie Detectors
Polygraph
machine commonly used in attempts to detect lies
measures several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion
perspiration
cardiovascular
breathing changes

33. Emotion--A Polygraph Examination

34. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control Question
Up to age 18, did you ever physically harm anyone?
Relevant Question
Did [the deceased] threaten to harm you in any way?
Relevant > Control --> Lie

35. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Control
question
Relevant
(a)
(b)
Respiration
Perspiration
Heart rate

36. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Percentage
Innocent
people
Guilty 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Judged innocent by polygraph
Judged guilty by polygraph
50 Innocents
50 Thieves
1/3 of innocent declared guilty
1/4 of guilty declared innocent (from Kleinmuntz & Szucko, 1984)

37. Emotion--Lie Detectors
Is 70% accuracy good?
Assume 5% of 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees
285 will be wrongly accused
What about 95% accuracy?
Assume 1 in 1000 employees actually guilty
test all employees (including 999 innocents)
50 wrongly declared guilty
1 of 51 testing positive are guilty (~2%)

38. Read my mind
Laboratory studies using fMRI, which measures blood-oxygen levels in the brain, have suggested that when someone lies, the brain sends more blood to the ventrolateral area of the prefrontal cortex. In a very small number of studies, researchers have identified lying in study subjects with accuracy ranging from 76 percent to over 90 percent (pdf). But some scientists and lawyers like Greely doubt that those results will prove replicable outside the lab setting, and others say it just isn’t ready yet.

39. Aside from accuracy issues…
What if somebody has practice lying or believes their own lie?

40. Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this non-verbal language of emotion universal?

41. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior
Women are much better at discerning nonverbal emotions than men. When shown sad, happy, and scary film clips women expressed more emotions than men.
OBJECTIVE 9| Describe some gender differences in perceiving and communicating emotions.

42. Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior
Females are better at reading people’s emotional cues.
Women are also far more likely than men to describe themselves as empathic (identifying with others).
Women also react more visibly to films displaying emotions.
Women and men also differ in the emotions they express best.
Women recalled being happy nearly 2/3's of the time, but they were able to spot it less than half the time when observing men.
Men, however slightly surpassed women in conveying their anger.

43. Anger (Rage)
Anger is most often evoked by events that not only are frustrating or insulting but also are interpreted as willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
Blowing off steam may be temporarily calming, but in the long run it does not reduce anger.
Expressing anger can actually cause more anger.

44. Catharsis Hypothesis
Venting anger through action or fantasy ----achieves an emotional release or “catharsis.”
Catharsis
emotional release
catharsis hypothesis
“releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Opposing Theory-- Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming.

45. Subjective Well-Being
Subjective well-being is the self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. Research on new positive psychology is on the rise.

46. Happiness & Satisfaction
Subjective well-being (happiness + satisfaction) measured in 82 countries shows Puerto Rico and Mexico (poorer countries) at the top of the list.

47. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

48. Experienced Emotion The Adaptation-Level Principle:
Happiness is Relative to Our Prior Experience
If our current condition– income, grade point average, or social prestige, for example– increases, we feel an initial surge of pleasure. We then adapt to this new level of achievement, come to consider it as normal, and require something even better to give us another surge of happiness.

49. Experienced Emotion Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
brightness of lights
volume of sound
level of income
defined by our prior experience

50. Relative Deprivation Relative Deprivation
perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

51. Wealth and Well-being
Many people in the West believe that if they were wealthier, they would be happier. However, data suggests that they would only be happy temporarily.
OBJECTIVE 19| Summarize the findings on the relationship between affluence and happiness.

52. Wealth and Well-being
In affluent societies, people with more money are happier than people who struggle for their basic needs.
People in rich countries are happier than people in poor countries.
A sudden rise in financial conditions makes people happy.
However, people who live in poverty or in slums are also satisfied with their life.

53. Does Money Buy Happiness?
Wealth is like health: Its utter absence can breed misery, yet having it is no guarantee of happiness.

54. How to be Happier
1. Realize that enduring happiness doesn’t come from financial success.
2. Take control of your time
3. Act happy
4. Seek work and leisure that engages your skills.
5. Join the “movement” movement
6. Give your body the sleep it wants
7. Give priority to close relationships
8. Focus beyond self
9. Be grateful
10.Nurture your spiritual self

55. Fear can torment us, rob us of sleep, and
preoccupy our thinking. However, fear can be adaptive – it makes us run away from danger, it brings us closer as groups, and it protects us from injury and harm.

56. Learning Fear
We learn fear in two ways, either through conditioning and/or through observation.
OBJECTIVE 14| State two ways we learn our fears.

57. The Biology of Fear
Some fears are easier to learn than others. The amygdala in the brain associates emotions like fear with certain situations.
OBJECTIVE 15| Discuss some of the biological components of fear.

61. The Biology of Fear The amygdala plays a key role in associating
various emotions,
including fear,
with certain
situations.

62. The Biology of Fear
Rabbits fail to react with fear to a signal of impending shock if they have suffered damage to the amygdala

65. Anger
Anger “carries the mind away,” (Virgil, B.C.), but “makes any coward brave,” (Cato B.C.).
OBJECTIVE 16| Identify some of the advantages and disadvantages of openly expressing anger, and assess the catharsis hypothesis.

66. Causes of Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

67. Catharsis

68. Happiness
People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.
OBJECTIVE 17| Describe how the feel-good do-good phenomenon works, and discuss the importance of research on subjective well-being.

69. Happiness is... However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Researchers Have Found That
Happy People Tend to
Have high self-esteem
(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable
Have close friendships or a satisfying
marriage
Have work and leisure that engage
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith
Sleep well and exercise
However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Related to Other Factors, Such as
Age
Gender (women are more often
depressed, but also more often joyful)
Education levels
Parenthood (having children or not)
Physical attractiveness
Money

70. Cultural & Gender Differences
Boys respond to anger by moving away from that situation, while girls talk to their friends or listen to music.
Anger breeds prejudice. The 9/11 attacks led to an intolerance towards immigrants and Muslims.
The expression of anger is more encouraged in cultures that do not promote group behavior than in cultures that do promote group behavior.
Wolfgang Kaehler

71. Emotional Ups and Downs
Our positive moods rise to a maximum within 6-7 hours after waking up. Negative moods stay more or less the same throughout the day.
OBJECTIVE 18| Discuss some of the daily and longer-term variations in the duration of emotions.

72. Emotional Ups and Downs
Over the long run, our emotional ups and downs tend to balance. Although grave diseases can bring individuals emotionally down, most people adapt.
Courtesy of Anna Putt

73. Bike Tumbler

74. Human Cannonball

76. Analyzing Emotion
Analysis of emotions are carried on different levels.

77. Emotions are Adaptive
Darwin speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor’s survival.
Charles Darwin ( )

78. Hindu Dance
In classical Hindu dance, the body is trained to effectively convey 10 different emotions.
Network Photographers/ Alamy

79. Nonverbal Communication
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through non-verbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face (Fox et al. 2000).
OBJECTIVE 8| Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non-verbal cues.

80. The Effects of Facial Expression
If facial expressions are manipulated, like furrowing
brows, people feel sad while looking at sad pictures.
OBJECTIVE 12| Discuss the facial feedback and behavior feedback phenomena, and give an example of each.
Attaching two golf tees to the face and making their tips touch causes the brow to furrow.

81. The Effects of Facial Expressions
When people
mimicked
expressions of
emotion,
they experienced
those emotions.

82. Experienced Emotion
The ingredients of emotion

83. Jerk

84. Cats

85. Load your bike

86. Olympic Dive

87. Riding the escalator

88. Noah