1. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr1 PROFESSIONAL ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONALS OF COMPUTER & INFO TECH

2. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr2 Agenda  Intro: IFIP Harmonization of Pro Standards: summary Definitions: NCEES Variance in concerns: ACM Computing & Public Policy  Computer, IT, IS Pro Ethics Intro: ISWorld Ethics IEEE Ethics ACM Code of Ethics ACM / IEEE CS: Software Engineering Code of Ethics & Pro Practice  Plagiarism Student Guidance Code of Research Conduct  Conclusions: Nature of Codes Advantages & Disadvantages  Further on

3. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr3 IFIPIFIP’s Harmonization of Professional Standards (1998)Harmonization of Professional Standards The purpose is to clearly set out an international standard for professional practice in information technology. The components of the standards are:  Ethics of professional practice: Practitioners must publicly ascribe to the code of ethics published within the standard.  Established body of knowledge: Practitioners must be aware of and have access to a well-documented current body of knowledge relevant to the domain of practice.  Education and training: The minimum level of mastery of the body of knowledge must be at the baccalaureate level.  Professional experience: In addition to a demonstrated mastery of the body of knowledge a minimum of the equivalent of two years supervised experience is recommended before the practitioner operates unsupervised.  Best practice and proven methodologies: Practitioners should be familiar with current best practice and relevant proven methodologies.  Maintenance of competence: Practitioners must be able to provide evidence of their maintenance of competence.

4. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr4 Definitions Bodur: Ethics Presentation Bodur: Ethics Presentation National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying (NCEES):NCEES  Engineering is considered to be a "profession" rather than an "occupation" because of several important characteristics: special knowledge, special privileges, special responsibilities.  Professions are based on a large knowledge base requiring extensive training.  Professional skills are important to the well-being of society.  Professions are self-regulating, in that they control the training and evaluation processes that admit new persons to the field.  Professionals have autonomy in the workplace; they are expected to utilize their independent judgment in carrying out their professional responsibilities.  Finally, professions are regulated by ethical standards.

5. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr5 Variance in Ethical Concerns ACM Computing & Public Policy:Computing & Public Policy  ACM Code of Ethics ACM Code of Ethics  Software Engineering Code of Ethics Software Engineering Code of Ethics  Software Engineering and Licensing Issues Software Engineering and Licensing Issues  ACM Privacy Policy ACM Privacy Policy  ACM Copyright Policy ACM Copyright Policy  ACM Statement of Non-endorsement ACM Statement of Non-endorsement  Committee on Computers and Public Policy Committee on Computers and Public Policy  Committee on the Status of Women in Computing Committee on the Status of Women in Computing  Coalition to Diversify Computing Coalition to Diversify Computing  RISKS Forum RISKS Forum  ACM Association-Level Policy Activities on:Association-Level Policy Activities Electronic Voting Systems Intellectual Property / Copyright Protection Privacy Research and Data Access Reliability of Computers

6. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr6 Ethics for Computer, IT & IS Pros Professional ethics concerns:  One's conduct of behaviour and practice while doing professional work,  Relations with peers in the work place,  Conduct of duties towards the employer,  Obligations towards the customer,  Responsibility for the future of the profession at large.  Responsibility for the wellbeing of the society at large.

7. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr7 IEEE Code of Ethics (IEEE CoE 2006)IEEE CoE We, the members of the IEEE, in recognition of the importance of our technologies in affecting the quality of life throughout the world, and in accepting a personal obligation to our profession, its members and the communities we serve, do hereby commit ourselves to the highest ethical and professional conduct and agree: 1. to accept responsibility in making decisions consistent with the safety, health and welfare of the public, and to disclose promptly factors that might endanger the public or the environment; 2. to avoid real or perceived conflicts of interest whenever possible, and to disclose them to affected parties when they do exist; 3. to be honest and realistic in stating claims or estimates based on available data; 4. to reject bribery in all its forms; 5. to improve the understanding of technology, its appropriate application, and potential consequences;

8. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr8 IEEE Code of Ethics (continued) 6. to maintain and improve our technical competence and to undertake technological tasks for others only if qualified by training or experience, or after full disclosure of pertinent limitations; 7. to seek, accept, and offer honest criticism of technical work, to acknowledge and correct errors, and to credit properly the contributions of others; 8. to treat fairly all persons regardless of such factors as race, religion, gender, disability, age, or national origin; 9. to avoid injuring others, their property, reputation, or employment by false or malicious action; 10. to assist colleagues and co-workers in their professional development and to support them in following this code of ethics.

9. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr9 ACM Code of Ethics  ACM enacted in 1972: Code of Professional Conduct, and, Procedures for its Enforcement.  It consisted of the following five canons, each of which was further stipulated in terms of Ethical Considerations and Disciplinary Rules: An ACM member shall act at all times with integrity. An ACM member should strive to increase his competence and the competence and prestige of the profession. An ACM member shall accept responsibility for his work. An ACM member shall act with professional responsibility. An ACM member should use his special knowledge and skills for the advancement of human welfare.

10. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr10 ACM Code of Ethics (continued) ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct was adopted by ACM Council in 1992 as a major overhaul of the earlier code. It consists of a Preamble and four sections:  General Moral Imperatives General Moral Imperatives  More Specific Professional Responsibilities More Specific Professional Responsibilities  Organizational Leadership Imperatives Organizational Leadership Imperatives  Compliance with the Code Compliance with the Code

11. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr11 General Moral Imperatives As an ACM member I will.... 1.1 Contribute to society and human well-being. 1.2 Avoid harm to others. 1.3 Be honest and trustworthy. 1.4 Be fair and take action not to discriminate. 1.5 Honor property rights including copyrights and patent. 1.6 Give proper credit for intellectual property. 1.7 Respect the privacy of others. 1.8 Honor confidentiality.

12. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr12 More Specific Professional Responsibilities As an ACM computing professional I will.... 2.1 Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness and dignity in both the process and products of professional work. 2.2 Acquire and maintain professional competence. 2.3 Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional work. 2.4 Accept and provide appropriate professional review. 2.5 Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks. 2.6 Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities. 2.7 Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences. 2.8 Access computing and communication resources only when authorized to do so.

13. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr13 Organizational Leadership Imperatives As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will.... 3.1 Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities. 3.2 Manage personnel and resources to design and build information systems that enhance the quality of working life. 3.3 Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an organization's computing and communication resources. 3.4 Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system have their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and design of requirements; later the system must be validated to meet requirements. 3.5 Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of users and others affected by a computing system. 3.6 Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn the principles and limitations of computer systems.

14. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr14 Compliance with the Code As an ACM member I will.... 4.1 Uphold and promote the principles of this Code. 4.2 Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership in the ACM.

15. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr15 ACM / IEEE Computer Society: SWE Code of Ethics & Pro Practice (ACM SWE CoE 1999)ACM SWE CoE The short version of the code summarizes aspirations at a high level of the abstraction; the clauses that are included in the full version give examples and details of how these aspirations change the way we act as software engineering professionals. Software engineers shall commit themselves to making the analysis, specification, design, development, testing and maintenance of software a beneficial and respected profession.... software engineers shall adhere to the following Eight Principles: 1. PUBLIC - Software engineers shall act consistently with the public interest. 2. CLIENT AND EMPLOYER - Software engineers shall act in a manner that is in the best interests of their client and employer consistent with the public interest. 3. PRODUCT - Software engineers shall ensure that their products and related modifications meet the highest professional standards possible.

16. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr16 ACM / IEEE Computer Society: SWE Code of Ethics & Pro Practice (cont’d) 4. JUDGMENT - Software engineers shall maintain integrity and independence in their professional judgment. 5. MANAGEMENT - Software engineering managers and leaders shall subscribe to and promote an ethical approach to the management of software development and maintenance. 6. PROFESSION - Software engineers shall advance the integrity and reputation of the profession consistent with the public interest. 7. COLLEAGUES - Software engineers shall be fair to and supportive of their colleagues. 8. SELF - Software engineers shall participate in lifelong learning regarding the practice of their profession and shall promote an ethical approach to the practice of the profession.

17. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr17 Court of Ethics  A play of five scenes  On themes of professional responsibility in software engineering  by Graham Tritt, © 1988.

18. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr18 Plagiarism Bodur: Plagiarism Presentation Bodur: Plagiarism Presentation University of Toronto’s Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters defines plagiarism as follows: “to represent an idea or work of another as one's own idea or expression in any academic examination, term test, or in connection with any other form of academic work”.Code of Behaviour on Academic Matters Furthermore, committing plagiarism knowingly is declared as an offence for a student. NB: EMU Student Disciplinary Regulation, Article 6, prescribes short and short-to-medium term suspension for plagiarism.

19. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr19 Avoiding Plagiarism: Styles Standard Documentation FormatStandard Documentation Format of the University of Toronto advises style guidelines to avoid being blamed of plagiarism:  Acknowledge source of ideas even if you reword them by giving proper reference at wherever the ideas are mentioned.  Acknowledge source of quotes by giving proper reference then and there.  Proper reference should identify the referred work uniquely by mentioning the author(s), title, publisher, and date of publication according to the style manual.  Internet resources are referenced supplying same data as other references; additionally, URL and data last visited are also given.  Depending on the style manual, mention references in the footnote or group them under the references section at the end.  “Common knowledge” of a field (such as, facts easily found in standard reference books) may go without reference in order to avoid clottering your work with excessive number of references.

20. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr20 Avoiding Plagiarism: Styles Should you need further guidance on styles: -See How to Write Your Paper; andHow to Write Your Paper -Seminar presentations on Academic Publishing by Christine B.Feak of Univ. of Michigan.Academic Publishing

21. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr21 Plagiarism: Code of Conduct Association for Information Systems (AIS) Code of Research Conduct offers guidance in matters directly related to the research and publication of scholarly works, and particularly those in the journals and conference proceedings of the AIS.Code of Research Conduct The Code is not a legal statement, but instead indicates ethically desirable behaviour. The Code is elaborated in three categories:  CATEGORY ONE: must ALWAYS be adhered to  CATEGORY TWO: Codes in this category are "recommended ethical behaviour“  GOOD ADVICE: suggestions on how to protect yourself from authorship disputes, mis-steps, mistakes, and even legal action.

22. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr22 Plagiarism: AIS CRC CATEGORY ONE: must ALWAYS be adhered to  Do not take work from another and pass it off as your own, i.e., plagiarize in any manner.  Do not fabricate or falsify data, research procedures, or data analysis.

23. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr23 Plagiarism: AIS CRC (continued) CATEGORY TWO: "recommended ethical behaviour"  Respect the rights of research subjects.  Do not submit for publication or presentation articles or papers you have already published elsewhere.  Do not abuse the authority and responsibility you have been given as an editor, reviewer or supervisor.  Reveal to funding agencies or universities any material conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.  Do not take or use published data of others without acknowledgement or unpublished data without both permission and acknowledgement.  Do not submit for publication a manuscript that is currently under review. Acknowledge the substantive contributions of all research participants.  Do not use unpublished writings, information, ideas, concepts or data.  Use archival material only in accordance with the rules of the archival source.  Authors may place working paper versions of their articles on their own website.

24. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr24 Plagiarism: AIS CRC (continued) GOOD ADVICE: suggestions on how to protect yourself from authorship disputes, mis-steps, mistakes, and even legal action  Maintain authorship documentation.  Avoid "self plagiarism".  Settle data set ownership issues before data compilation.  Consult senior colleagues if in doubt.

25. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr25 Conclusion: Nature of Codes (ISWorld)ISWorld  Professional ethics concerns one's conduct and practice while working.  Any code is a formalisation of experience into a set of rules.  A code is adopted by a community because its members accept to adhere and abide with their restrictions.  There is a distinction between a profession such as Information Systems, and controlled professions such as Medicine and Law, where the loss of membership may also imply the loss of the right to practice.  Professional ethics also concerns professional indemnity.  No two codes of ethics are identical. They vary by cultural group, by profession and by discipline.

26. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr26 Conclusion: Nature of Codes (continued) Codes of Ethics are concerned with a range of issues, including:  Academic honesty  Adherence to confidentiality agreements  Data privacy  Handling of human subjects  Impartiality in data analysis and professional consulting  Professional accountability  Resolution of conflicts of interest  Software piracy, and  Plagiarism.

27. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr27 Advantages of a Code of Ethics A Code of Ethics enables us to:  Set out the ideals and responsibilities of the profession  Exert a de facto regulatory effect, protecting both clients and professionals  Improve the profile of the profession  Motivate and inspire practitioners, by attempting to define their raison d'être  Provide guidance on acceptable conduct  Raise awareness and consciousness of issues  Improve quality and consistency

28. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr28 Disadvantages of a Code of Ethics On the other hand, we must also consider:  Whether the so-called standards are obligatory, or are merely an aspiration  Whether such a code is desirable or feasible  Whether ethical values are universal or culturally relativistic  The difficulty of providing universal guidance given the heterogeneous nature of the profession  What the point is of specifying responsibilities, given the limited regulatory function of a code.

29. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr29 References  IFIP: Harmonization of Professional Standards (1998): http://www.ifip.or.at/minutes/C99/C99_harmonization.htm http://www.ifip.or.at/minutes/C99/C99_harmonization.htm  Robert Davison and Ned Kock (Section Editors): ISWorld Professional Ethics, AIS Assoc. for Info Systems: http://www.is.cityu.edu.hk/research/resources/isworld/ethics/index.htm (Contains extensive links to resources) Robert DavisonNed Kock http://www.is.cityu.edu.hk/research/resources/isworld/ethics/index.htm  AIS Code of Research Conduct: http://plone.aisnet.org/councils_governance/codeofconduct/ http://plone.aisnet.org/councils_governance/codeofconduct/  ACM Computing & Public Policy: http://www.acm.org/serving/ http://www.acm.org/serving/  ACM (1992). : ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct: http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.htmlACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct http://www.acm.org/constitution/code.html  ACM/IEEE-Computer Society: Software Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional Practice at IEEE and at ACM (1999): http://www.acm.org/serving/se/code.htmSoftware Engineering Code of Ethics and Professional PracticeACM http://www.acm.org/serving/se/code.htm  IEEE Code of Ethics: http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp?pageID=corp_level1&path=about/wh atis&file=code.xml&xsl=generic.xsl http://www.ieee.org/portal/index.jsp?pageID=corp_level1&path=about/wh atis&file=code.xml&xsl=generic.xsl  Professional Conduct links page: http://cmpe.emu.edu.tr/aelci/News/professional_conduct.htm http://cmpe.emu.edu.tr/aelci/News/professional_conduct.htm

30. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr30 References (continued)  Ethics and Information Technology Journal (Editor-in-Chief: M.J.V.d. Hoven), ISSN: 1388-1957 (print version), ISSN: 1572-8439 (electronic version), Springer Netherlands Ethics and Information Technology is a peer-reviewed journal dedicated to advancing the dialogue between moral philosophy and the field of information and communication technology (ICT). Ethics and Information Technology Journal  Gözde Dedeoğlu: Etik ve Bilişim, TBD Publications no: 13 (2001), Ankara, ISBN: 975-96888-3-2  TBV: Meslek Etiği, http://www.tbv.org.tr/channelshttp://www.tbv.org.tr/channels  Albert Bayet (Turkish translation by Vedat Günyol): Bilim Ahlakı, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, No: Genel 471 (2000). ISBN 975-458-227-0. Philosophical treatise of ethics in science and scientific ethic.

31. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr31 Turkish Resources on Pro Ethics  Professional Ethics (“Meslek Etiği”), TBV: www.TBV.org.tr www.TBV.org.tr  Netiquette (“Internet İletişim Kuralları”), TBV: www.TBV.org.trwww.TBV.org.tr  Gözde Dedeoğlu: Etik ve Bilişim, TBD Publications, (2001, Turkish)  Albert Bayet (Turkish translation by Vedat Günyol): Bilim Ahlakı, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, No: Genel 471 (2000). ISBN 975-458-227-0.

32. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr32 NEED TO ENACT: Fair Use Policies:  Acceptable Use Policy  Netiquette Rules  Information Policy Statements  Freedom of Expression Statement  Cyber Rights Statement  Blocking & Filtering Policy  Electronic Mail Policies  Internet Use Rights and Obligations

33. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr33 Purchasing: Terms & Cond.’ns  Example: World Scientific Publishing Co. "Pay per View" Terms & Conditions:Terms & Conditions 3. Permitted Access and Use; User Responsibilities 4. Copyright; Prohibitions on Certain Uses

34. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr34 ORGs  www.w3c.org www.w3c.org  www.eff.org www.eff.org  www.epic.org www.epic.org  www.cpsr.org www.cpsr.org  www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/ www.ccsr.cse.dmu.ac.uk/  www.ifip.org www.ifip.org  www.bcs.org www.bcs.org  http://www.ifip.org/ http://www.ifip.org/

35. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr35 Pro Ethical Concerns  Have you been to the EMU Bookstore lately? Noticed the textbooks for EE 468 & ME 442?

36. CmpE 598- 28.03.2006 Atilla.Elci@EMU.edu.tr36 Current Interests  ACM's Computers, Freedom and Privacy (CFP 2006) Conference, May 2-5, Washington, DC, USA:CFP 2006 Main theme: Life, Liberty and Digital Rights Check topics of interesttopics of interest Take note of site Privacy Policy statement.Privacy Policy statement  Professional and human rights activist Jack Minker to receive the 2006 “ACM/AAAI Allen Newell Award” for his advancements in logic-based computer science methods and his contribution to scientific discourse.  Impact of search censorship @ Yahoo, Google,... Impact of search censorship